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From 2010.igem.org

Contents 1 The Approach 1.1 Preparing the system 1.2 Starting point for biobricks -> Go cloning 1.3 The error prone PCR 1.4 Survival of the fittest 1.5 The final construct

The Approach

First we looked for a sensor system which is able to detect substances and we searched for a substances of interest. The system of interest has to be taken out of a different bacteria species than Escherichia coli , in order to avoid any background. Therefore we checked the literature for a well reviewed sensor system, which is not part of the E. coli genome. The system of choice was the phenolic sensing system virA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It naturally detects acetosyringone, which is a secondary metabolite of plants that affects bacteria as an attractant. After repeated research to check for any other possible substances which could be detected by the system, we got a really long list of possibilities and picked 'capcaicin', which is responsible for the spiciness of edibles.

The biological steps for creating a new sensor system are:

1. extract the virA system out of A. tumefaciens
2. create new BioBricks out of the exciting environmental parts
3. transform the new BioBricks into E. coli
4. modify the system for sensibility and specificity by error prone PCR
5. find and select the most promising mutants

Preparing the system

We tried to work with the already existing virA from the registry (<partinfo>K238008</partinfo>). Unfortunately this virA BioBrick did not work. The sequence data of the BioBrick did not fit to the published virA sequence. So we had to extract the virA gene via PCR out of the A. tumefaciens TI-plasmid by ourselves in order to create a new BioBrick.

VirA does not work without the help of the VirG protein. The existing virG gene in the iGEM registry contains illegal restriction sites. Moreover it needs the help of Chev Protein and sugars to work perfectly with VirA. We changed the sequence manually and had the gene synthesized by Mr. Gene.

Starting point for biobricks -> Go cloning

The applied screening system in E. coli consists of two plasmids. After discussing the possibility of creating only one big plasmid, we unifed that one plasmid would minimize the transformation efficiency and would be difficult to modify via error prone PCR. So we had to change the origin of a pSB1X3 plasmid in order to avoid compatibility problems in the transformation. Therefore we cloned the R6K origin into the <partinfo>pSB1A3</partinfo>, <partinfo>pSB1C3</partinfo> and <partinfo>pSB1T3</partinfo> plasmids. For this purpose we used the R6K sequence <partinfo>J61001</partinfo> and the pSBXXX sequence to create primers for the PCR, followed by the ligation of the PCR products.

The error prone PCR

After cloning the new origin into the pSBXXX-backbones we were able to create the two constructs. The first one will be found inside the competent bacteria cells and contains the virG gene under the constitutive promotor <partinfo>J23110</partinfo>, a terminator (<partinfo>B0017</partinfo>), a vir promotor and a readout or selection gene (luciferase, mRFP and kanamycin resistance, respectively):

The second plasmid contains the virA gene under the control of the constitutive promotor <partinfo>J23110</partinfo> and will be transformed and modified in one step via error prone PCR.

The error prone PCR is a PCR under malfunction conditions for the polymerase. It is possible to regulate the frequency of the mutagenesis by editing unbalanced concentrations of nucleotides and co-factors to the PCR. So we are going to create a new BioBrick and transform it into our target in one step. Before we are able to do the error prone PCR we need to get the backbones done.

Survival of the fittest

We use high amounts of the antibiotic kanamycin in order to select the most specific system for our substances. By varying the amount of kanamycin we will be able to carefully select the best mutant out of our PCR-tests. The mutated virA system will be induced after the error prone PCR by a mix of possible targets for the system (like capcaicin, dopamin, homovanillic acid etc.). It is important to avoid any acetosyringone, so we will be able to search for systems with new targets.

The final construct

If we still have enough time, we are going to transform a sensitivity tuner into the BioBricks (compare Cambridge 2007 and 2009). This will increase the sensitivity of our system. So our final system will work like this: