Team:Freiburg Bioware/Modeling/Virus Production
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<h1>Model for Virus Production</h1> | <h1>Model for Virus Production</h1> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
<h2>Reaction Scheme</h2> | <h2>Reaction Scheme</h2> | ||
- | <p style="text-align:justify;"> | + | <p style="text-align: justify;"> |
- | Reducing the complexity of virus production we divide the cell into three compartments: the <b>extracellular matrix</b> (all quantities with the index <i>ext</i>), the <b>cytoplasm</b> (<i>cyt</i>) and the <b>nucleus</b> (<i>nuc</i>). Four plasmids are transfected - the plasmid coding for the <b>helper proteins</b> (<i>helper</i>), the <b>gene of interest</b> (<i>goi</i>) and two types of plasmids coding for the <b>capsid proteins</b> (<i>capwt</i> [wild type], <i>capmod</i> [modified]).<br> | + | Reducing the complexity of virus production we divide the cell into |
- | The plasmids are transported into the nucleus where gene expression is initiated. Processed mRNA is transported into the cytoplasm and <b>proteins</b> (<i>phelper</i>, <i>pcapwt</i>, <i>pcapmod</i>) are produced. Containing a nuclear localization sequence proteins are relocated into the nucleus where capsid assembly occurs. The viral capsid is | + | three compartments: the <b>extracellular matrix</b> (all quantities |
- | The gene of interest is replicated by cellular polymerases and <b>single stranded DNA</b> (<i>ssDNA</i>) is encapsidated into the preformed <b>capsids</b> (<i>capsid</i>) forming infectious <b>viral particles</b> (<i>V</i>).<br> | + | with the index <i>ext</i>), the <b>cytoplasm</b> (<i>cyt</i>) and the |
- | Finally the recombinant viruses are released into the extracellular matrix and can be harvested for transduction. | + | <b>nucleus</b> (<i>nuc</i>). Four plasmids are transfected - the |
+ | plasmid coding for the <b>helper proteins</b> (<i>helper</i>), the <b>gene | ||
+ | of interest</b> (<i>goi</i>) and two types of plasmids coding for the <b>capsid | ||
+ | proteins</b> (<i>capwt</i> [wild type], <i>capmod</i> [modified]).<br> | ||
+ | The plasmids are transported into the nucleus where gene expression is | ||
+ | initiated. Processed mRNA is transported into the cytoplasm and <b>proteins</b> | ||
+ | (<i>phelper</i>, <i>pcapwt</i>, <i>pcapmod</i>) are produced. | ||
+ | Containing a nuclear localization sequence proteins are relocated into | ||
+ | the nucleus where capsid assembly occurs. The viral capsid is composed | ||
+ | of 60 subunits of viral coat proteins. Titration of the two plasmids | ||
+ | coding for the capsid proteins leads to virus surfaces with different | ||
+ | ratios of wild type and modified capsid proteins.<br> | ||
+ | The gene of interest is replicated by cellular polymerases and <b>single | ||
+ | stranded DNA</b> (<i>ssDNA</i>) is encapsidated into the preformed <b>capsids</b> | ||
+ | (<i>capsid</i>) forming infectious <b>viral particles</b> (<i>V</i>).<br> | ||
+ | Finally the recombinant viruses are released into the extracellular | ||
+ | matrix and can be harvested for transduction. | ||
</p> | </p> | ||
- | + | <br> | |
- | <br><br> | + | <br> |
- | + | <table | |
- | + | style="width: 905px; height: 808px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> | |
- | < | + | <tbody> |
- | < | + | <tr> |
- | <img | + | <td style="vertical-align: top;"><img |
+ | alt="Reaction scheme for the virus production" | ||
+ | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/c/c9/Freiburg10_VirusProductionScheme01.png" | ||
+ | width="370"><br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Figure | ||
+ | 1:</span> Schematic overview of virus production: A production cell | ||
+ | line is transfected with 4 plasmid types. DNA is replicated, | ||
+ | transcribed (1) and proteins are synthesized (2). Capsid assembly | ||
+ | occurs (3) and single-stranded DNA is packaged into the viral particle | ||
+ | (4).<br> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
- | <td> | + | <td> <img |
- | <img | + | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/b/b8/Freiburg10_VirusProduction01.png" |
+ | alt="Reaction scheme for the virus production" width="477"><br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
</td> | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </tbody> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
- | <br><br> | + | <br> |
+ | <br> | ||
<h2>Reduced Reaction Scheme</h2> | <h2>Reduced Reaction Scheme</h2> | ||
- | <p style="text-align:justify;"> | + | <p style="text-align: justify;"> |
- | Even the coarse model for virus production described in the previous paragraph would still consist of 24 ODEs containing 39 parameters (35 rate constants and 4 initial plasmid concentrations). Taking into account the linearity of the law of mass action (LMA) for simple transport processes we can neglect these fast reactions and | + | Even the coarse model for virus production described in the previous |
+ | paragraph would still consist of 24 ODEs containing 39 parameters (35 | ||
+ | rate constants and 4 initial plasmid concentrations). Taking into | ||
+ | account the linearity of the law of mass action (LMA) for simple | ||
+ | transport processes we can neglect these fast reactions and therefore reduce the model to the rate limiting steps like protein | ||
+ | synthetization, capsid formation and virus packaging.<br> | ||
</p> | </p> | ||
- | <br><br> | + | <br> |
- | + | <br> | |
<center> | <center> | ||
- | <img | + | <img |
- | </center> | + | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/68/Freiburg10_VirusProduction02.png" |
- | + | alt="reduced reaction scheme for the virus production" width="503"></center> | |
- | <br><br> | + | <br> |
+ | <br> | ||
<h2>Differential Equations</h2> | <h2>Differential Equations</h2> | ||
- | The 13 reactions for the virus production are represented in a system of 17 coupled ODEs.<br> | + | <p style="text-align: justify;"> |
- | In addition to the terms provided by the law of mass action we considered the following terms:<br> | + | The 13 reactions for the virus production are represented in a system |
+ | of 17 coupled ODEs.<br> | ||
+ | In addition to the terms provided by the law of mass action we | ||
+ | considered the following terms:<br> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
- | <li> a linear degradation of <i>ssDNA</i> in the nucleus with the rate constant <i>k<sub>14,1</sub></i> | + | <li> a linear degradation of <i>ssDNA</i> in the nucleus with the |
- | <li> replication of <i>ssDNA</i> in the nucleus with the rate constant <i>k<sub>15,1</sub></i> | + | rate constant <i>k<sub>14,1</sub></i> </li> |
+ | <li> replication of <i>ssDNA</i> in the nucleus with the rate | ||
+ | constant <i>k<sub>15,1</sub></i> </li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
- | <br><br> | + | <br> |
- | + | <br> | |
<center> | <center> | ||
- | <img | + | <img |
- | </center> | + | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/24/Freiburg10_VirusProduction03.png" |
- | <br><br> | + | alt="Reaction scheme for virus production" width="701"></center> |
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
<h2>Methods and Simulation</h2> | <h2>Methods and Simulation</h2> | ||
- | <p style="text-align:justify;"> | + | <p style="text-align: justify;"> |
- | The ODE model was implemented in MathWorks® MATLAB R2010b. Integration of the differential equations was achieved using the stiff integrator <i>ode15s</i> with automatic integration step size management.<br> | + | The ODE model was implemented in MathWorks® MATLAB R2010b. Integration |
- | + | of the differential equations was achieved using the stiff integrator <i>ode15s</i> | |
- | + | with automatic integration step size management.<br> | |
- | + | In order to adjust the dynamical model to biological data we extracted | |
+ | the average intensity out of the time lapse recordings of fluorescence | ||
+ | experiments as well as published values for the rate constants. For | ||
+ | initial conditions we took the plasmid concentrations we used in | ||
+ | experiments.<br> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
</p> | </p> | ||
- | <img width=" | + | <table |
+ | style="text-align: left; width: 905px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" | ||
+ | border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> | ||
+ | <tbody> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 350px;"><a | ||
+ | style="font-weight: bold;" | ||
+ | href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/b/b1/Freiburg10_VirusProductionTimeLapsemVenus.gif"><img | ||
+ | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/d/d7/Freiburg10_VirusProductionTimeLapsemVenus.png" | ||
+ | alt="" width="350"></a><br style="font-weight: bold;"> | ||
+ | <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Figure | ||
+ | 2: </span>Fluorescence microscopy of transfected cells. mVenus | ||
+ | is included to the modified capsid plasmid i.e. fluorescence intensity | ||
+ | reflects capsid protein concentration.<br> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p style="text-align: justify;">The image on the left shows one | ||
+ | snapshot out of the time | ||
+ | lapse recorded over a period of 1560 minutes (26 hours) after | ||
+ | transfection. The bright spots | ||
+ | correspond to the fluorescence intensity of <i>mVenus</i> in the upper | ||
+ | and of <i>mCherry</i> in the lower picture.</p> | ||
+ | <p style="text-align: justify;">To see the whole time lapse as an | ||
+ | animation just click on the picture!<br> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 350px;"><a | ||
+ | href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/1/1b/Freiburg10_VirusProductionTimeLapsemCherry.gif"><img | ||
+ | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/e/e5/Freiburg10_VirusProductionTimeLapsemCherry.png" | ||
+ | alt="" width="350"></a><br style="font-weight: bold;"> | ||
+ | <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Figure | ||
+ | 3:</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>Fluorescence | ||
+ | microscopy of | ||
+ | transfected cells. Viral particles containing mCherry as gene of | ||
+ | interest are visible. </div> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </tbody> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
- | |||
- | |||
- | |||
- | |||
- | |||
<center> | <center> | ||
- | < | + | <table style="text-align: left; width: 905px; height: 781px;" border="0" |
+ | cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> | ||
+ | <tbody> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 597px;"><img | ||
+ | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/d/d5/Freiburg10_VirusProductionData01.png" | ||
+ | alt="Data"><br> | ||
+ | <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Figure | ||
+ | 4: A</span> shows the average intensity of mCherry recorded using | ||
+ | fluorescence microscopy. The curve corresponds to the rising phase of | ||
+ | protein concentration and is expected to saturate for longer times as | ||
+ | the harvest of viral particles is done after 3 days (4320min). <span | ||
+ | style="font-weight: bold;">B: </span>time course of the intensity of | ||
+ | mCherry. Due to the weak expression of mCherry the signal to noise | ||
+ | ratio is quiet low and the functional dependency is not clearly | ||
+ | determinable.<br> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | <td> | ||
+ | <p style="text-align: justify;">The average intensity was | ||
+ | extracted from the raw data uisng a script written in MathWorks® | ||
+ | MATLAB which sums up the intensity value of each pixel of one image. <br> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | <a | ||
+ | href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/1/19/Freiburg10_IntensityAnalysisCode.m">Download | ||
+ | the m-File (MATLAB source code).</a> <br> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </tbody> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
- | <br><br> | + | <br> |
+ | The used model parameters are given in the table below. | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <table | ||
+ | style="text-align: left; width: 300px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" | ||
+ | border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> | ||
+ | <tbody> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td style="vertical-align: top;"> | ||
+ | <div style="text-align: center;"><img | ||
+ | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/4/49/Freiburg10_RateConstants01.png" | ||
+ | alt="" width="405"><br style="font-weight: bold;"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br> | ||
+ | Table 1: </span>Rate constants for the virus production model. | ||
+ | Generally forward reactions were assumed to be faster than reverse | ||
+ | ones. | ||
+ | Replication of <span style="font-style: italic;">ssDNA</span> is | ||
+ | slower than its degradation.<br> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </tbody> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <a | ||
+ | href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/8/87/Freiburg10_VirusProductionCode.m">Download | ||
+ | the m-File (MATLAB source code).</a><br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <h2>Results and Discussion</h2> | ||
+ | <p style="text-align: justify;"> | ||
+ | Figure 5 shows the time course of the model for virus production. The | ||
+ | initial plasmid concentrations were chosen to 20µM for the <i>helper</i>, | ||
+ | <i>goi</i>, and <i>capsid-wt</i> plasmids and 10µM of the modified | ||
+ | capsid plasmid. After the short peaks of the intranuclear plamid | ||
+ | concentrations proteins are synthesized and capsids are formed. The | ||
+ | ssDNA enters the capsid through a pore and infectious virus particles | ||
+ | are reseased to the cytoplasm from where they are transported out of | ||
+ | the cell.<br> | ||
+ | The concentrations reach a steady state as a result of ssDNA | ||
+ | degradation inside the nucleus.<br> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
<center> | <center> | ||
- | < | + | <table |
+ | style="text-align: left; width: 642px; height: 504px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" | ||
+ | border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> | ||
+ | <tbody> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td style="vertical-align: top;"><img | ||
+ | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/32/Freiburg10_VirusProductionPlot01.png" | ||
+ | alt="" width="800"><br> | ||
+ | <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Figure | ||
+ | 5:</span> <br> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </tbody> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <p style="text-align: justify;">A model extension was made taking into | ||
+ | account the production efficiency dependend on the level of | ||
+ | modfication. The resulting curves are plotted in figure 6. <br> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
- | + | <br> | |
- | < | + | <br> |
- | + | <table | |
- | <br><br> | + | style="text-align: left; width: 758px; height: 773px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |
+ | border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> | ||
+ | <tbody> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td style="vertical-align: top;"> | ||
+ | <div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" | ||
+ | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/d/db/Freiburg10_VirusProductionModPlot01.png" | ||
+ | width="800"><br> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span | ||
+ | style="font-weight: bold;">Figure | ||
+ | 6: A:</span> Enzyme concentration depending on different degrees of | ||
+ | modification. <span style="font-weight: bold;">B:</span> production | ||
+ | efficiency as a function of modification degree <span | ||
+ | style="font-style: italic;">m</span>.<br> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </tbody> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <p style="text-align: justify;"> | ||
+ | Fitting the model to the data obtained from the fluorescence experiment | ||
+ | was performed by the method of least squares in logarrithmic parameter | ||
+ | space. Unfortunately only one data set quantifying the single protein, | ||
+ | capsid and virus concentration was availible so that the optimization | ||
+ | problem was clearly under-determined and no explicit ideal parameter | ||
+ | set could be found without loosing the biological signification. More | ||
+ | precisely, the data was fitted by an exponential increase while the | ||
+ | biological system is expected to saturate for large time values because | ||
+ | no more virus is poduced if its plasmid are completely degraded. Figure | ||
+ | 7 shows more realistic model characteristics. The blue line | ||
+ | represents the sum of all concentrations containing mVenus and the red | ||
+ | dots describe the mVenus intensity data set. Thereby the desired | ||
+ | simoidal shape was achieved though the chi-square value and | ||
+ | consequently the quality of the fit is not optimal. <br> | ||
+ | In order to improve the predictive capability of this mathematical | ||
+ | model one has to perform further adjustments and more experimental data | ||
+ | is needed accordingly.<br> | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <table | ||
+ | style="text-align: left; width: 683px; height: 663px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" | ||
+ | border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"> | ||
+ | <tbody> | ||
+ | <tr> | ||
+ | <td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><img | ||
+ | style="width: 800px; height: 599px;" alt="" | ||
+ | src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/7/74/Freiburg10_VirusProductionFit01.png"><br> | ||
+ | </span> | ||
+ | <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Figure | ||
+ | 7:</span> Data fitting approach. The model can be fitted perfectly to | ||
+ | the data (not shown) but is not meaningful in a biological sense | ||
+ | because exponential increase does not occur in this system. Considering | ||
+ | the fact that virus concentration should saturate a sigmoidal shape is | ||
+ | expected. Such a fit was not achieved because to many unknown | ||
+ | parameters for one single data set.<br> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | </td> | ||
+ | </tr> | ||
+ | </tbody> | ||
+ | </table> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
</html> | </html> | ||
{{:Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Footer}} | {{:Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Footer}} |
Latest revision as of 02:01, 28 October 2010
Model for Virus Production
Reaction Scheme
Reducing the complexity of virus production we divide the cell into
three compartments: the extracellular matrix (all quantities
with the index ext), the cytoplasm (cyt) and the
nucleus (nuc). Four plasmids are transfected - the
plasmid coding for the helper proteins (helper), the gene
of interest (goi) and two types of plasmids coding for the capsid
proteins (capwt [wild type], capmod [modified]).
The plasmids are transported into the nucleus where gene expression is
initiated. Processed mRNA is transported into the cytoplasm and proteins
(phelper, pcapwt, pcapmod) are produced.
Containing a nuclear localization sequence proteins are relocated into
the nucleus where capsid assembly occurs. The viral capsid is composed
of 60 subunits of viral coat proteins. Titration of the two plasmids
coding for the capsid proteins leads to virus surfaces with different
ratios of wild type and modified capsid proteins.
The gene of interest is replicated by cellular polymerases and single
stranded DNA (ssDNA) is encapsidated into the preformed capsids
(capsid) forming infectious viral particles (V).
Finally the recombinant viruses are released into the extracellular
matrix and can be harvested for transduction.
![]() Figure
1: Schematic overview of virus production: A production cell
line is transfected with 4 plasmid types. DNA is replicated,
transcribed (1) and proteins are synthesized (2). Capsid assembly
occurs (3) and single-stranded DNA is packaged into the viral particle
(4).
|
![]() |
Reduced Reaction Scheme
Even the coarse model for virus production described in the previous
paragraph would still consist of 24 ODEs containing 39 parameters (35
rate constants and 4 initial plasmid concentrations). Taking into
account the linearity of the law of mass action (LMA) for simple
transport processes we can neglect these fast reactions and therefore reduce the model to the rate limiting steps like protein
synthetization, capsid formation and virus packaging.
![reduced reaction scheme for the virus production](https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/68/Freiburg10_VirusProduction02.png)
Differential Equations
The 13 reactions for the virus production are represented in a system
of 17 coupled ODEs.
In addition to the terms provided by the law of mass action we
considered the following terms:
- a linear degradation of ssDNA in the nucleus with the rate constant k14,1
- replication of ssDNA in the nucleus with the rate constant k15,1
![Reaction scheme for virus production](https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/24/Freiburg10_VirusProduction03.png)
Methods and Simulation
The ODE model was implemented in MathWorks® MATLAB R2010b. Integration
of the differential equations was achieved using the stiff integrator ode15s
with automatic integration step size management.
In order to adjust the dynamical model to biological data we extracted
the average intensity out of the time lapse recordings of fluorescence
experiments as well as published values for the rate constants. For
initial conditions we took the plasmid concentrations we used in
experiments.
![]() Figure
4: A shows the average intensity of mCherry recorded using
fluorescence microscopy. The curve corresponds to the rising phase of
protein concentration and is expected to saturate for longer times as
the harvest of viral particles is done after 3 days (4320min). B: time course of the intensity of
mCherry. Due to the weak expression of mCherry the signal to noise
ratio is quiet low and the functional dependency is not clearly
determinable.
|
The average intensity was
extracted from the raw data uisng a script written in MathWorks®
MATLAB which sums up the intensity value of each pixel of one image. |
The used model parameters are given in the table below.
![]() Table 1: Rate constants for the virus production model. Generally forward reactions were assumed to be faster than reverse ones. Replication of ssDNA is slower than its degradation. |
Download the m-File (MATLAB source code).
Results and Discussion
Figure 5 shows the time course of the model for virus production. The
initial plasmid concentrations were chosen to 20µM for the helper,
goi, and capsid-wt plasmids and 10µM of the modified
capsid plasmid. After the short peaks of the intranuclear plamid
concentrations proteins are synthesized and capsids are formed. The
ssDNA enters the capsid through a pore and infectious virus particles
are reseased to the cytoplasm from where they are transported out of
the cell.
The concentrations reach a steady state as a result of ssDNA
degradation inside the nucleus.
![]() Figure
5:
|
A model extension was made taking into
account the production efficiency dependend on the level of
modfication. The resulting curves are plotted in figure 6.
![]() Figure
6: A: Enzyme concentration depending on different degrees of
modification. B: production
efficiency as a function of modification degree m.
|
Fitting the model to the data obtained from the fluorescence experiment
was performed by the method of least squares in logarrithmic parameter
space. Unfortunately only one data set quantifying the single protein,
capsid and virus concentration was availible so that the optimization
problem was clearly under-determined and no explicit ideal parameter
set could be found without loosing the biological signification. More
precisely, the data was fitted by an exponential increase while the
biological system is expected to saturate for large time values because
no more virus is poduced if its plasmid are completely degraded. Figure
7 shows more realistic model characteristics. The blue line
represents the sum of all concentrations containing mVenus and the red
dots describe the mVenus intensity data set. Thereby the desired
simoidal shape was achieved though the chi-square value and
consequently the quality of the fit is not optimal.
In order to improve the predictive capability of this mathematical
model one has to perform further adjustments and more experimental data
is needed accordingly.
![]() Figure
7: Data fitting approach. The model can be fitted perfectly to
the data (not shown) but is not meaningful in a biological sense
because exponential increase does not occur in this system. Considering
the fact that virus concentration should saturate a sigmoidal shape is
expected. Such a fit was not achieved because to many unknown
parameters for one single data set.
|