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ACP

ABREVIATIONS: ACP – acyl carrier protein, SAM – S-adenosyl-methionine, CoA – coenzyme A

INTRODUCTION

For enabling the outside-of-cell activity of the recombinant LuxI enzyme which will serve as the signal transducing element in our system we needed to provide the substrates for it: S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM); which also serves as a universal donor in methylation reactions and is easy to get from the store and acylated-acyl carrier protein (in our case hexanoyl-ACP); which is not readily available commercially but is possible to synthesize by more available strategies. The synthesis and detection of this compound is discussed further.

SYNTHESIS

There are two major quorum signaling molecules produced by the V. fischeri LuxI enzyme in almost equimolar concentrations: N-(3-oxohexanoyl) homoserine lactone and hexanoyl homoserine lactone (1). The two compounds differ only by a keto group at the third carbon of the acyl chain, but hexanoyl homoserine lactone was one used since it was advantageous to synthesize it using commercially available products.

Normally the in-vivo synthesis of the acyl-ACP substrate for the production of signaling molecules in bacterial quorum sensing is carried out by enzymes like acyl-ACP synthetases which can transfer fatty acid groups onto the functional ACPs (already containing the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group).

We, however, tried an entirely different synthesis approach by using a different enzyme, namely ACP synthase (4-phosphopantetheinyl-transferase) which is involved in a more general reaction that spans all the domains of life and represents the addition of a prosthetic group to an ACP protein either from the fatty acid or polyketide synthesis pathways in order to make it functional. The prosthetic group in this case is a phosphopantetheine which is taken directly from CoA and added to the apo-protein variant of ACP generating adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate and holo-ACP (reaction depicted below).

If we substitute in the reaction above CoA with derivatives containing the acyl group already attached to the phosphopantetheine moiety then we would be able to produce hexanoyl-ACP (figure below) ready to be used directly in the reaction with LuxI.

In fact, this is often used in practice for labeling cell surface proteins fused to ACP. (3)

We tried to produce the reaction using 3 main players:

1. 1.Hexanoyl CoA trilithium salt hydrate
2. 2.Acyl carrier protein from E.coli
3. 3.ACP synthase from E.coli

The reaction components and their molar ratios were adjusted based on previous studies (4,5) and are as follows: 50 mM Tris-HCl, ph 8.0 buffer, 10 mM MgCl2 (enzyme cofactor), 1 mM DTT, 300 µM CoA, 50 µM of apo-ACP and 5 µM of ACP synthase in a total of 100µl reaction volume. The mix is incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes. For terminating the reaction, 50 mM EDTA or 10% trichloroacetic acid is added.

There has been some reports on mild inhibitory activity for this type of reaction by both an excess of apo-ACP and adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate along with some divalent ions. At the same time Mg2+ or Mn2+ are required for catalytic activity (6)

The behavior of the enzyme depending on the substrate is illustrated in figure 3.

As a successful example from literature, the Km value for butyryl production (fig. 4) from the respective substrates by this strategy was about 8.1 µM which is close to the value of non-derivatized CoA substrate. The turnover number however was 5 times lower than for CoA (0.2 s-1 compared to 1.0 s-1) which could be overcome by longer incubation times.

DETECTION

A first simple step to judge if the reaction is successful would be to run the reaction mixture on a gel. There is evidence that, in spite of a bigger mass, acylated ACP can travel faster than apo or holoACP in an SDS-PAGE, due to active binding of the SDS detergent molecules to the hydrophobic acyl chain which increases the charge to mass ratio, thus, facilitating faster migration (fig. 5) (2,7). On the other hand it is possible to run the reaction mixture also on a native gel and compare the migration pattern of the proteins. The potein that would migrate faster than apoACP in SDS PAGE but slower than it in a native page (separation by mass) would be the acylated ACP (fig. 6).

Although this approach isn’t quantitative, it would give a hint about the efficiency of the reaction.

A next detection approach is to integrate our system with that of the “Fusion protein” team which would allow for testing the fusion protein that they produced. If we test our AHL-sensitive reporter cells with SAM, hexanoyl-ACP containing mixture and the recombinant LuxI, then the activation of the reporter cells by this reaction mix will prove the fact that we have produced both functional acyl-ACP and LuxI enzyme.