2-2 Fragrance

Abstract

We designed apple fragrance expression device with MpAAT1[1]. Fig. 2-2-1 shows the outline of the device. MpAAT1 converts substrate and Acetyl CoA into apple fragrance molecules.　Acetyl CoA exists originally in E.coli cell. MpAAT1 converts 2-methyl butanol and butanol into 2-methylbutyl acetate and butyl acetate respectively.

Fig. 2-2-1. Apple fragrance expression device

We performed gas chromatography to confirm the production of the esters, and the results revealed that MpAAT1 successfully converted alcohol and Acetyl CoA into our target esters (Fig. 2-2-2).

Fig. 2-2-2.　Gas chromatography analysis of apple fragrance expression device.
This work is done by Toshitaka Matsubara

(1) MpAAT1 + BuOH, (2) No MpAAT1 + BuOAc, (3) No MpAAT1 + BuOH, (4) MpAAT1 + 2-MeBuOH, (5) No MpAAT1 + 2-MeBuOAc, (6) No MpAAT1 + 2-MeBuOH, (7) MpAAT1 - 2-MeBuOH.

(A) In (2), the peak of BuOAc is shown. Comparing with (1), the position of the peak is in the same position. From this result, we can see MpAAT1 converted BuOH into BuOAc. (B) In (3), we observed the peak of BuOH, which we are going to use as substrate.This graph doesn’t show peak in the same place with that of BuOAc in (1).This means BuOH used as substrate doesn’t contain BuOAc. (C) In the same way as (A), from comparison of (4) and (5), we can see 2-MeBuOAC is synthesized from 2-MeBuOH. (D) (6) shows the peak of 2-MeBuOH, though no peak of 2-MeBuOAc. Thus, 2-MeBuOH doesn’t contain 2- MeBuOAc. (E) In (7), no peak of ester is observed. This sample wasn’t added with substrates, so MpAAT1 without substrates didn’t produce esters. From these results, we can conclude that E.Coli with MpAAT1 is able to convert substrate alcohols into esters.

Introduction

Apple fragrance is featured by combinations of volatile compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, sesquiterpenes and esters. Esters are associated with fruity attributes of fruit fragrance. In the commercial apple cultivar, over 30 esters have been identified.[Ref]Ester biosynthesis is catalyzed by alcohol acyl transferases (AATs) that use coenzyme A(CoA) donors together with alcohol acceptors as substrates. We learned it’s able to make E. coli produce apple fragrance by adding the gene MpAAT1 because Acetyl CoA exists originally in E.coli. MpAAT1 produces a predicted protein containing character of other plant acyl transferases. In contrast with production of pigment, production of fragrance has hardly been worked in iGEM and few parts exist.For these reasons, we introduced a new BioBrick part to synthesize components of apple fragrance.

Result

We transformed MpAAT1(BBa_K395602) on pSB6 along with pTrx6 into E.coli BL21 DE3, and cultured after addition of alcohols(2-MeBuOH or BuOH) as substrates.

After 12 hours of incubation, we extracted organic soution layer from the culture and analyzed by gas chromatography (Fig. 2-2-2). Peaks of the esters producing apple fragrance (2-MeBuOAc or BuOAc) were detected.

Fig. 2-2-2. Gas chromatography analysis of apple fragrance expression device.
This work is done by Toshitaka Matsubara

(1) MpAAT1 + BuOH, (2) No MpAAT1 + BuOAc, (3) No MpAAT1 + BuOH, (4) MpAAT1 + 2-MeBuOH, (5) No MpAAT1 + 2-MeBuOAc, (6) No MpAAT1 + 2-MeBuOH, (7) MpAAT1 - 2-MeBuOH.

(A) In (2), the peak of BuOAc is shown. Comparing with (1), the position of the peak is in the same position. From this result, we can see MpAAT1 converted BuOH into BuOAc. (B) In (3), we observed the peak of BuOH, which we are going to use as substrate.This graph doesn’t show peak in the same place with that of BuOAc in (1).This means BuOH used as substrate doesn’t contain BuOAc. (C) In the same way as (A), from comparison of (4) and (5), we can see 2-MeBuOAC is synthesized from 2-MeBuOH. (D) (6) shows the peak of 2-MeBuOH, though no peak of 2-MeBuOAc. Thus, 2-MeBuOH doesn’t contain 2- MeBuOAc. (E) In (7), no peak of ester is observed. This sample wasn’t added with substrates, so MpAAT1 without substrates didn’t produce esters. From these results, we can conclude that E.Coli with MpAAT1 is able to convert substrate alcohols into esters.

Discussion

From the result of the experiment above, we can conclude that engineered E.coli successfully converted alcohols added as substrates into esters. Moreover, we synthesized MpAAT1 and esters using E.coli BL21 DE3 as a chassis, which was reported to be implausible in former report(s)[1]. In 2008, C.R. Shen and J.C. Liao[2] succeeded in synthesizing butanol from E.coli. If we take advantage of this engineered E.coli, we could produce apple fragrance ester without the addition of substrate.