Methods

Cloning

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Agarose flat-bed gels in various concentrations (0.6–2% agarose in 0.5 x TAE buffer) and sizes were run to separate DNA fragments in an electrical field (10–20 V/cm) for analytical or preparative use. The desired amount of agarose was boiled in 1 x TAE buffer until it was completely dissolved. After it cooled down to approximately 60°C, ethidium bromide (EtBr) solution (0.5 µg/ml final concentration) was added to the liquid agar, which was then poured in a flat-bed tray with combs. As soon as the agarose solidified, the Running buffer (0.5 x TAE buffer) was added before the DNA in the loading buffer was loaded into the wells and separated electrophoretically. Ethidium bromide intercalates with the DNA’s GC ntss resulting in DNA-EtBr-complex that emits visible light. Therefore, the DNA fragments could be detected on a UV-light tray at 265 nm.

Colony PCR

Colony PCRs were performed using Fermentas PCR Master Mix (2x), containing Taq DNA Polymerase.
Bacterial colonies were picked form an LB/Agar-plate and either resuspended in PCR reaction mix and subsequently used to inoculate LB-medium with appropriate antibiotic, or resuspended in water. The water was then taken as "template" for PCR and inoculation of Minepreps.
The PCR was performed using 20 pmol of forward and reverse primer in a total volume of 20 µL.
PCR conditions were set to recommendations made by Fermentas:

'*'with 45°C at a minimum of primer annealing temp

Gel extraction

After gel electrophoresis the digested vector and insert have to be purified from the gel. With the help of a UV lamp, the bands were quickly excised from the gel without exposing the DNA too long to UV light. Afterwards the DNA was purified with the QIAquick Gel extraction kit. Three volumes of buffer QG were added to one volume of gel. The gel fragment was dissolved by incubation for 10 min at 50°C. Afterwards one volume of 100% isopropanol was added. The solution was applied on a QIAquick spin column after this has been placed into a provided 2 ml collection tube. By centrifugation for 1 min at 13.000 rpm the DNA was bound to the column. The flow-through was discarded and the column was placed in the same collection tube. To remove all traces of agarose from the column, 500 µl of wash buffer QC was added followed by centrifugation for 1 min at 13.000 rpm. The flow-through was discarded and the column was washed with 750 µl of buffer PE for 1 min at 13.000 rpm. Afterwards the flow-through was discarded. An additional centrifugation for 1 min at 13.000 rpm helped to remove the residual ethanol. The column was placed into a new 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube and it was eluted with 30 µl of ddH2O.

Large scale preparation of plasmid DNA

150 ml LB-Medium with 150 µl ampicillin was inoculated with 50 µl of bacteria culture which grew overnight on a shaker at 37°C. The plasmid DNA was isolated using QiAprep Spin MAxiprep kit from Qiagen and the protocol was followed. The overnight culture was centrifuged for 20 min at 4000 rpm at 4°C using an SLA 1500 Rotor. Afterwards the LB-medium was discarded and the pellet was homogeneously resuspended in 10 ml of precooled Buffer P1. After having added 10 ml of Buffer P2 the mixture was inverted 4-6 times and incubated for 5 min at RT before adding 10 ml of chilled Buffer P3. Thereafter the lysate was poured into a prepared QIAfilter Maxi Cartridge and incubated at RT for 10 min. During this time a QIAGEN-tip 500 was equilibrated by applying 10 ml of Buffer QBT and allowing the column to empty by gravity flow. The cell lysate was filtered into the QIAGEN-tip. The cleared lysate entered the resin by gravity flow and after washing with 2 x 30 ml Buffer QC the Plasmid DNA was eluted with 15 ml Buffer QF. After this the DNA was precipitated by adding 10.5 ml isopropanol and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 45 min at 4°C. The supernatant was discarded and the DNA pellet was washed with 5 ml ethanol (70%) and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 min. After air-drying the pellet the DNA was redissolved in H2O.

Plasmid-DNA isolation

5 ml LB-Medium with 5 µl ampicillin was inoculated with single colonies which grew overnight on a shaker at 37°C. The plasmid DNA was isolated using QiAprep Spin Miniprep kit from Qiagen and following the manufacturer’s protocol. 4 ml of each overnight culture was pelleted in 2 ml microcentrifuge tubes during two steps of centrifugation at 13.000 rpm. Subsequently the pellet was resuspended in 250 µl of chilled buffer P1. 250 µl of lysis buffer P2 was added and the solution was mixed thoroughly by inverting the tube 4-6 times. After adding 350 µl of the neutralization Buffer N3 the solution was mixed immediately and thoroughly by inverting the tube 4-6 times. Thereafter the mixture was centrifuged. The supernatants were applied to a QIAprep column which was put in a 2 ml collection tube. It was centrifuged for 1 min at 13.000 rpm and the flow-through was discarded. After adding 500 µl of wash buffer PB, it was centrifuged for 1 min at 13.000 rpm and the flow-through was discarded. Once more, it was washed with 750 µl of wash buffer PE. In an additional centrifugation for 1 min at 13.000 rpm the residual wash buffer was removed. The QIAprep column was placed into a clean 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube and the plasmid DNA was eluted in 30 µl ddH2O.

Preperation of competent E. coli Top10 and DH5alpha

• plating of E. coli Top10 and DH5alpha on a agar plate (LB, without Amp); Preperation of competent cells according to the following protocol:

First, a 20 ml over night culture was inoculated in antibiotic free LB medium from a fresh single colony and transferred into 400 ml antibiotic free LB medium the next day. This culture was incubated at 37 °C while shacking until an OD600 of 0.5 – 0.6 was achieved. The culture was than cooled down on ice, centrifuged (8 min, 4 °C, 3500 rpm), the supernatant discarded and the pellet resuspended in 10 ml 100 mM CaCl2. After addition of further 190 ml 100 mM CaCl2 the suspension was incubated on ice for 30 min. The suspension was than again centrifuged (8 min, 4 °C, 3500 rpm), the supernatant discarded, the pellet resuspended in 20 ml 82.5 mM CaCl2 with 17.5 % glycerol and aliquoted. The aliquots were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and than stored at -80 °C until usage.

Purification of PCR product

One volume of buffer PBI was added to one volume of the PCR sample mix. The sample was applied to a QIAquick column which has been placed into a provided 2 ml collection tube. It was centrifuged for 1 min at 13.000 rpm and the flow-through was discarded and the column was placed in the same collection tube. After this 750 µl of buffer PE was added to wash the column. It was centrifuged for 1 min at 13.000 rpm. The flow-through was discarded and the column was placed in the same collection tube. It was centrifuged for 1 min at 13.000 rpm. Afterwards the QIAquick column was placed into a new 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube and it was eluted with 40 µl ddH2O.

Sequencing

performed by the GATC Biotech company

Cell culture

Media

• HeLa - DMEM, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100 unit Penicillin, 100 µg/ml Streptomycin, 2mM L-Glutamin
• HEK293T - DMEM, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100 unit Penicillin, 100 µg/ml Streptomycin, 2mM L-Glutamin
• HEK T-REx - DMEM, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100 unit Penicillin, 100 µg/ml Streptomycin, 2mM L-Glutamin, 50µg/ml Blasticidin, 50µg/ml Zeocin
• HEK T-REx (with pcDNA5 integrated) - DMEM, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100 unit Penicillin, 100 µg/ml Streptomycin, 2mM L-Glutamin, 50µg/ml Blasticidin, 100µg/ml Hygromycin
• Huh7 - DMEM, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100 unit Penicillin, 100 µg/ml Streptomycin, 2mM L-Glutamin, 1% Non-essential amino acids
• HepG2 - DMEM, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100 unit Penicillin, 100 µg/ml Streptomycin, 2mM L-Glutamin
• Hepa1.6 - DMEM, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100 unit Penicillin, 100 µg/ml Streptomycin, 2mM L-Glutamin
• primary hepatocytes - William's Medium E, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100 unit Penicillin, 100 µg/ml Streptomycin, 2mM L-Glutamin, 100nM Dexamethasone

Passaging

• remove media
• wash cells one time in PBS (10ml)
• remove PBS; add 2 ml of trypsin-EDTA solution and incubate cells for 5 min at 37 °C
• add 5 ml of the according media
• take 1/10th of the cell suspension and plate out on the according dish (either p100 dish, 6 well plate or T-flask)

Thawing

thawing of Huh-7, HeLa p4 and HEK-293 cells according to the following protocol vials from liquid nitrogen were thawn at 37 °C once, the probe was nearly completely thawn, cells were thrown into pre-warmed DMEM (10 % FCS, L-Glut, P/S) and gentely mixed cells were spinned down at 800 rpm, 3 min; supernatant was discarded the pellett was resuspended in 10 ml DMEM an plated on a p100 cell culture dish in the following media according to the different cell lines:

Coating

for 96-well plates

• add 30 µl of poly-L-lysine solution (Sigma) to each well (make sure whole surface is covered with solution)
• leave for 30' in the incubator
• remove poly-L-lysine solution
• wash once with 1x PBS

Transfection

FuGENE

DAY1

• seed cells

DAY2

• transfection
  • to media (OptiMEM, no FBS) add [http://www.roche-applied-science.com/pack-insert/1815091a.pdf FuGENE 6 reagent] (it is important to add FuGENE to media, not other way round and not to drop FuGENE on the walls of the tube)
  • incubate 5 minutes at room temperature
  • add DNA
  • incubate 15 minutes
  • mix well and add dropwise to the well

PEI

150cm² plate format

• mixture 1:
  • 44ug DNA
  • up to 790µl of H2O each flask
  • add 790µl of 300mM NaCl
• mixture 2:
  • 343µl of PEI
  • 790µl of 300mM NaCl
  • add mixture 2 to mixture 1
  • incubate 10 min at RT
  • add to cells

HBSS

150cm² flask format

• 50ugDNA
• 2.67ml 250mM CaCl₂
• 2.67ml 2x HBSS

• warm up both CaCl₂ and HBSS
• add plasmid to CaCl₂ solution
• pour 2x HBSS to erlenmeyer flask
• very slowly add CaCl₂ to HBSS, mix vigorously during adding (should become turbid)
• incubate for one minute in the room temperature
• add transfection mix to media (1 volume of mix, 2 volumes of media)
• pour on cells

Virus Production

Seeding

Virus production was done in 150cm² flasks. 0.9 million cells were seeded in 30ml medium per flask. Transfections were done as described above.

Harvesting

To harvest the cells, cell suspension was decanted into 500ml corning conical centrifuge tubes. Remaining cells were washed with 19ml PBS and also transferred into the tubes. Cells were collected by centrifugation at 1500rpm for 15min at 4°C. Supernatant was aspirated, cells resuspended in 10ml 1xPBS and transferred into a 50ml blue-cap vial. Centrifugaion as above, aspiration of supernatant. Pellet was then resuspended in 5ml virus lysate solution and frozen at -196°C in liquid nitrogen for 5min, then thawed at 37°C. This freeze/thaw cycle was repeated five times.

Purification

Each sample was sonicated in a sonication bath for 1min 20s, 50µg/ml benzonase was added. Samples were kept at 37°C for 30min and vortexed every 10min. Centrifugation for 15min at 3270g, 4°C. Supernatant was transferred in to a new blue cap vial with a 5ml pipette. Gradiant was poured in a Beckman Quick-Seal centrifuge tube and a pasteur pipette plugged into the tube. 5ml of the virus suspension was transferred through the Pasteur pipette into the tube. 1.5ml 15% Iodixanolsolution (in PBS-MK) was poured through the Pasteur pipette in a way thet it presses put the virus suspension. In the same manner, 1.5ml 25% Iodixanolsolution was pipette to become the lower phase, then 1.5ml 40% Iodixanolsolution and finally 1.5ml 60% Iodixanolsolution. The Pasteur pipette was reomeved and the tubes sealed with tube sealer. Ultracentrifulation for 2h at 50.000rpm, 4°C and 71,1 Ti. The virus was recovered from the 40% Iodixanol phase.

Seeding medium: DMEM high glucose, 10% FCS, 1% P/S, 1% L-Glutamin Virus lysate solution PBS-MK: 1xPBS, 1mM MgCl₂, 2.5mM KCl Iodixanolsolution

Quantitative Realtime PCR

To quantitavely measure the amount of AAV rep gene, viruses had to be lysed. First, 10µl TE buffer was mixed with 10µl AAV solution. 20µl 2M NaOH were added and incubated for 30min at 56°C to lyse the viruses. Then 38µl 1M HCl and 922µl H₂O were added. For a negative control, the same procedure was done with 10µl H₂O instead of virus.

For each probe, a 35µl mix of RNase free water, 1x SensiMix II Probe PCR Master Mix, 100pmol/µl forward and reverse primer and 100pm/µl probe was prepared in RNase free water. This was enough for measurement triplicates. To make a RT-PCR standard curve, the standard probes were diluted to concentrations of 3.5x10¹¹ to 3.5x10³ molecules in 10µl.

Thermocycler program was 10min at 95°C initial activation, followed by 40 cycles of 10s at 95°C and 20s at 60°C.

To find out the concentration of viral genomes per ml (Y) the value of the X position on the standard curve has to be multiplied as follows: Y = X ×10² ×10²

Measurements

ELISA

Procedure

1. Coating
   • dilute 1st antibody 1:1000 in coating buffer
   • add 50 µl per well
   • incubate over night at 4°C
2. Blocking
   • wash three times with 300 µl wash buffer per well
   • add 200 µl blocking buffer per well
   • incubate more than 1 hour at room temperature
     • alternative: over-night at 4°C or freezing at -20°C
3. Sample Loading
   • 50 µl per well
   • incubate 2 hours at 37°C
   • wash five times
4. Detection
   • dilute 2nd antibody 1:1000 in dilution buffer
   • add 100 µl per well
   • incubate 1 hour at 37°C
   • wash five times
   • add 100 µl substrate per well
   • incubate at room temperature for 5 - 10 min
   • stop with 100µl 2M H₂SO₄ per well
   • read absorbance at 450 nm wavelength

Buffers

• Coating Buffer (0.1M NaHCO₃, 0.1M Na₂CO₃, pH 9.5)

• Diluting/Blocking Buffer (db) (0.25 ml Tween 20, 30 g BSA, add 1x PBS to 500 ml)

• Wash Buffer (0.5 ml Tween 20, 1L PBS 1x)

Calibration

• 960 µl db + 40 µl pooled plasma = 200 ng/ml
• add 500 µl of above into 500 µl of db = 100 ng/ml
• serial dilutions continued down to 1.5625 ng/ml

Detection reagents

• TMB Substrate Kit (Pierce, Thermo Scientific)
• 2M H₂SO₄

Microscopy

We used microscopy to measure GFP and BFP fluorescence intensity. Fluorescence was first evaluated using the Leica DM IRB epifluorescence microscope. Only cells which were transfected successfully were measured. First, the cells were washed with 1x PBS and detached from the plate using trypsin. 30µl trypsin was added to each well, incubated for ten minutes at room temperature. Cells were resuspended in 170µl 1%BSA in PBS and replicates for each condition were pooled into 24 well plates. 100-150µl were used for confocal microscopy.

Single images were obtained using the Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope and camera with the Leica AF6000 imaging software. GFP fluorescence was excited by Argon 488nm laser and measured at 520-560nm, BFP fluorescence was excited by UV laser at 405nm and measured at 440-460nm. Pictures were taken sequentially line by line in three different channels for GFP, BFP and bright field.

HeLa cells two days after transfection with miMeasure (A) fluorescence signal GFP channel, 8bit; (B) fluorescence signal BFP channel, 8bit; (C) merge of channels A and B, RGB (D) cells after segmentation and automated cell counting and annotation

To analyze the fluorescence of single cells, we segmented the images using ImageJ. In 8bit pictures, we set the threshold for each channel to 50, thereby filtering the background. This allowed us to annotate cells automatically using the “analyze particles” tool. Then we were able to get the fluorescence intensity for each single cell on each channel (GFP or BFP) as an 8bit output, i.e. a value between 50 and 255. Panel 1 shows an example of one such image in different channels and after segmentation. From the data thus obtained, we calculated the GFP:BFP ratios for each cell using a simple algorithm. This enables us to visualize the mean of these ratios in a bar plot or to use all the data for linear regression curve calculation.

• Consumables and Chemicals

PerkinElmer ViewPlate, product number: 6004920
Nunc 24 well microplate, product number: 176740
1x PBS (1.37mM NaCl, 0.27mM KCl, 10mM Na2HPO4, 0.2mM KH2PO4)
0.05% Trypsin-EDTA, Invitrogen GIBCO, product number: 15400054

• Instruments

Leica DM IRB
Leica SP5
ImageJ version 1.43

Dual Luciferase Assay

We measured the knockdown of firefly luciferase using the [http://www.promega.com/tbs/tm046/tm046.pdf Promega Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay]. The DLR™ Assay System provides an efficient mean of performing dual-reporter assays, where the activities of firefly (Photinus pyralis) and Renilla (Renilla reniformis) luciferases (RL) are measured sequentially from a single sample. Firefly and Renilla luciferases can be used as a good reporter system, as those two enzymes have dissimilar enzyme structures and substrate requirements. This allows for selective discrimination between their bioluminescent reactions. The firefly luciferase (FL) reporter is measured first by adding Luciferase Assay Reagent II (LAR II) to generate a stabilized luminescent signal. After quantifying the firefly luminescence, this reaction is quenched, and the Renilla luciferase reaction is simultaneously initiated by adding Stop & Glo® Reagent to the same tube. The Stop & Glo® Reagent also produces a stabilized signal from the Renilla luciferase, which decays slowly over the course of the measurement. Here, Renilla luciferase is used for normalization. The measurements were conducted on the Promega GLOMAX 96 Microplate Luminometer using the Promega standard protocol (Sherf et al., 1996).
Twenty hours after transfection, cells were washed with 1x PBS and lysed using 1x Passive Lysis Buffer (5x stock solution diluted with distilled water), shaking for 30 minutes at 37°C. 10µl of the lysate were transferred to a white microplate (LumaPlate) as required for Luminometer measurements.

LAR II reagent was prepared by resuspending Luciferase Assay Substrate in 10ml Luciferase Assay Buffer II. For Stop & Glo reagent, 2.1ml 50x Stop & Glo substrate and 105ml Stop & Glo Buffer were added to the amber Stop & Glo reagent bottle and mixed by vortexing. Reagents where stored in 15ml aliquots at -80°C and thawed freshly prior to each measurement.

To set up the Luminometer, the two injectors where flushed with distilled water, 70% ethanol, again water and air, three times each. Afterwards, they were primed three times with substrate reagents.

The activity of the first luciferase (firefly) was measured by adding 25µl of LAR II reagent to the well. The enzyme reacts upon translation without further processing and oxidates beetle luciferin, resulting in photon emission that can be measured. In addition to beetle luciferin, the LAR II reagent contains coenzyme A, which accelerates the reaction and thus creates a prolonged luminescence signal. The luminescence was measured two seconds after addition of the reagent, for ten seconds. Afterwards, 25µl Stop & Glo reagent was added, which is able to quench the firefly luciferase activity and simultaneously contains the substrate for Renilla luciferase, coelenterazine. This second reaction also emits photons upon oxidation of the substrate. Addition of substrates and light emission measurements were conducted automatically by the GLOMAX Luminometer.

Consumables and Reagents

LumaPlate, PerkinElmer, catalogue number 6005630
[http://www.promega.com/tbs/tm046/tm046.pdf, Promega Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System], catalogue number E1910

Instruments

Promega GLOMAX 96 Microplate Luminometer