Team:Tsinghua

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<h1>Tsinghua University</h1>
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</html>Antibodies are a kind of magic substance.
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Antibody-related research topics can be divided into two directions:
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Firstly, in the natural science area, studying the antibody production mechanism in mammals is central. The core issue is how B-cells can produce numerous antibodies using limited gene fragments in the
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chromosome. Consequently, when required,  producing plenty of proper antibodies to respond to the changing external environment.
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Secondly, in the engineering field, the main goal lies in developing an antibody production technology. The core question here is how to develop an economical and effective method to manufacture various highly
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specific antibodies.
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We believe that the two are essentially uniform.
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antibody generation. Thanks to the simple and easy-to-industrialize nature of prokaryotic systems, such an antibody generation system, once established, will facilitate the cheap and efficient production
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of antibodies.
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Production of antibodies in the mammalian immune system involves two steps:
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-Random production of a large numbers of antibodies
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-Selection of a specific antibody matching the antigen.
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Therefore, our Antibody Generation System would be composed of two devices:
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====Module I: Generation of antibody library.====
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Using an efficient bacterial in-vivo recombination method, we simulate the complex restructuring process during the development of immune B-cells with the simple recombination during the proliferation of the
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Escherichia coli bacteria, with the purpose of using a single strain of bacteria to generate an antibody library.
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In our project we also use mathematical modeling as a tool, to prove the feasibility of this system in theory. /to prove the theoretical feasibility of this model.
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====Module II: Selection of specific antibodies====
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For antibody screening, the immune system has evolved a smart way to pick out the antibodies it needs. However, we need a simple way to industrialize the selection of antibodies independent of the eukaryotic
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system. Our antibody generation system will try to combine the advantages of both the mammalian immune system and the prokaryotic reproduction system.Several strategies have been developed to achieve
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these goal:
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1. Using a combination of proteins on the E.coli membrane to simulate the recognition of antigen and antibody, and use the signaling mechanism of prokaryotic cells to transfer the correct
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recognition to the downstream signal.
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2. Using the extracellular presenting system of the Prokaryotes to change the antibodies screening to the simple "Filter" screening.
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3. Using the interaction and combination system of the Prokaryotes to change the antibodies screening to the simple antibiotic resistence screening.
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<img src="/wiki/images/f/fc/China.gif" /></html>抗体是一类神奇的物质。
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<p>We're from Tsinghua University.</p><p>Since China opened up to the world in 1978, Tsinghua University has developed at a breathtaking pace into a comprehensive research university. At present, the university has 14 schools and 56 departments with faculties in science, engineering, humanities, law, medicine, history, philosophy, economics, management, education and art. The University has now over 25,900 students, including 13,100 undergraduates and 12,800 graduate students. As one of China’s most renowned universities, Tsinghua has become an important institution for fostering talent and scientific research.</p><p>
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With the motto of “Self-Discipline and Social Commitment” and the spirit of “Actions Speak Louder than Words”, Tsinghua University is dedicated to the well-being of Chinese society and to world development.</p>
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<p><span style="float:right"><a href="/Team:Tsinghua/team" >More...</a></span></p>
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与抗体有关的科学问题主要分为两个方向：
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一是在自然科学领域，研究哺乳动物体内抗体的产生机制及其作用机理，其核心问题是，免疫系统如何利用有限的基因片段产生理论上无限多种抗体，并在特定情况下大量产生适当抗体，从而应对不断变化的外界环境。
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二是在工程学领域，研究抗体生产技术，其核心问题是：能否发展一套迅速、便宜生产各种高特异性抗体的系统。
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而本质上，这两个方向却是统一的。
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根据合成生物学的思想，清华大学iGEM10项目希望以原核生物为基础，构建一个完全模拟免疫系统'''抗体生成过程的人造系统'''，通过该系统，研究抗体形成的有关问题；而由于原核生物本身的特点，这个系统同时具有了抗体工业化生产所必需的高效、便宜的特性。实现了科学与工程的完美统一！
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免疫系统的抗体生成过程包括两个步骤：
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-随机产生大量多样的抗体
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-对某种特定抗体进行筛选
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因此，我们的系统由两部分组成：
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====模块 I: 抗体库的构建====
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使用一种高效的大肠杆菌体内重组（in-vivo recombination）方法，使细菌在增殖过程中的重组来模拟免疫B细胞发育过程中复杂的重组过程，从而达到使用单一菌株简单构建抗体库的目的。
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同时，利用数学建模工具在理论上印证此系统能产生的抗体数目，可达到与免疫系统相当的数量级。
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====模块 II: 特异性抗体的筛选====
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在抗体筛选中，免疫系统所使用的方法显然要简单、高效的多。而脱离开复杂生物系统的工业生产中的筛选方法，则更易于操作。在我们的系统中，这两个筛选策略的优势得以结合。几种基于不同思路的方法被开发出来，以实现这些目的。目前主要包括：
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1、 应用原核生物跨膜信号系统模拟免疫系统膜联抗体与抗原结合后所启动的应答机制，从而将抗体筛选转化成下游简单的营养型筛选。
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2、应用原核生物胞外呈递系统将抗体筛选转化成简单的“过滤”筛选。
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3、应用原核生物结合系统将抗体筛选转化成抗性筛选。
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<div id="leftpic"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/5/5e/TSModule2m.PNG" width=90px/></div><p>
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Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are monospecific antibodies that are the same, made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. When stimulated by almost any type of antigen, the immune system can create the specific antibody. This lays the foundation for monoclonal artificial antibodies.</p><p>
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</html>Tsinghua iGEM 2010 Project is focused on developing a new Antibody Production Method using Synthetic Biology.
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The current most well-developed technique in Artificial Monoclonal Antibody is the famous Hybridoma Cell Production. Monoclonal antibodies are typically made by fusing myeloma cells with the spleen cells from a mouse that has been immunized with the desired antigen. The success rate is so low that a selective medium in which only fused cells can grow is used. This mixture of cells is then diluted and clones are grown from single parent cells on microtitre wells. The antibodies secreted by the different clones are then assayed for their ability to bind to the antigen. The most productive and stable clone is then selected for future use.</p>
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The Aim is to
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''' Simulate Antibody Selection and Production Technology with Bacteria'''.
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Traditional method of antibody production such as Hybridoma Technology is expensive and time consuming. In Hybridoma Technology, generation of B-Cell library is accomplished inside experimental animal, mouse for example; using Flow Cytometry to select a specific kind of antibody; then hybridoma would be prepared to harvest antibody.
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In this project, we expect to achieve all these processes cheap and efficiently in E.coli Cell. The whole project can be divided into two modules:
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====MODULE I: Generation of Antibody Library====
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====MODULE II: Selection of Specific Antibody====
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<div id="leftpic"><img src="http://biobricks.org/img/750px-BBFoundation_shadow.png" width=90px /></div><p>We built a host of parts during our project. The idea is that after every small step, we store our sequence as a biobrick part.</p><p> This strategy marks our progress and facilitates future use of these sequences.</p>
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</html>Tsinghua iGEM 2010 Project is focused on developing a new Antibody Production Method using Synthetic Biology.
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The Aim is to
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''' Simulate Antibody Selection and Production Technology with Bacteria'''.
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Traditional method of antibody production such as Hybridoma Technology is expensive and time consuming. In Hybridoma Technology, generation of B-Cell library is accomplished inside experimental animal, mouse for example; using Flow Cytometry to select a specific kind of antibody; then hybridoma would be prepared to harvest antibody.
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In this project, we expect to achieve all these processes cheap and efficiently in E.coli Cell. The whole project can be divided into two modules:
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<h1><IMG SRC="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/d/d8/TSSLogo.png" width="40px" />Experiment</h1>
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====MODULE I: Generation of Antibody Library====
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====MODULE II: Selection of Specific Antibody====
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Our experiments are carefully recorded on a daily basis. Through the series of records, we can see our joys and sorrows.</p><p>Besides, we made the records for the purpose that our experiments can be repeated one day by someone else, thus contributing to the exploration of the unknown.</p>
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</html>Antikörper sind eine Art magische Substanz
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Forschung in Antikörpern kann in zwei Gebiete eingeteilt werden:
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Erstens, im naturwissenschaftlichen Bereich, ist das Studium der Produktionsmechanismen von Antikörpern in Säugetieren zentral. Der Kernpunkt  hier ist die Frage wie B-Zellen unzählige Antikörper aus einer begrenzten Menge Genfragmente im Chromosom herstellen könne. Infolgedessen können sie mit eine Vielzahl korrekter Antikörper auf Änderungen in ihrer Umwelt reagieren.
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Zweitens, im Ingenieurbereich, ist es das Ziel  eine Technologie zu entwickeln zur Antikörperproduktion. Die zentrale Frage hier ist wie  man eine kostengünstige und effektive Methode zur Produktion von hoch spezifischen Antikörpern entwickeln kann.
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Wir glauben das beides im wesentlichen uniform ist.
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Inspiriert vom Konzept der synthetischen Biologie ist das Tsinghua iGEM 2010 Projekt auf die Entwicklung  eines  Systems zur künstlichen Herstellung  von Antikörpern (Artificial Antibody Generation System) mit  Hilfe von prokaryotischen Zellen, die einen neuen Weg zur Lösung des Problems anbieten, fokussiert.  Dank der simplen und leicht zu industrialisierenden Natur des prokaryotischem Systems wird ein solches antikörperproduzierendes System, sobald es etabliert ist, die kostengünstige und effiziente Produktion von Antikörpern möglich mache,
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Die Produktion von Antikörpern im Immunsystem von Säugetieren  besteht aus zwei Schritte:
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-Die Produktion einer grossen Anzahl  zufälliger Antikörper
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-Die Selektion der gewünschten Antikörper die zum entsprechendem Antigen passen
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Aus diesem Grund besteht unser Antikörper produzierendes System aus zwei Komponenten:
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====Modul I:  Erstellung einer Antikörper-Bibliothek====
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Mit Hilfe einer effizienten bakteriellen in-vivo Rekombinationsmethode simulieren wir den komplizierten Umstrukturierungsprozess, der während er Entwicklung von B-Zellen im Immunsystem stattfindet, mit der simplen Rekombination von Bakterien, Escherichia coli, die während der Vermehrung  statt findet. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen wir ein einziger Bakterienstamm zur Herstellung der Antikörper-Bibliothek verwendet.
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In unserem Projekt verwenden wir auch mathematische Modellierung als ein Werkzeug um das System theoretisch zu beweisen. 
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====Modul II: Selektion eines spezifischenAntikörpers====
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In der Antikörperselektion hat das Immunsystem einen intelligenten Weg entwickelt um die Antikörper  die es braucht auszuwählen. Allerdings brauchen wir eine einfachen Weise um die Selektion von Antikörpern, unabhängig vom eukaryotischen System,  zu industrialisieren.  Unser Antikörperherstellungssystem wird versuchen die Vorteile vom Immunsystem der Säugetieren mit denen des Reproduktionssystem der Prokaryoten zu vereinen. Mehrere Strategien sind entwickelt worden um dieses Ziel zu erreichen:
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1. Durch den Gebrauch einer Kombination von Proteinen auf der E. Coli Membran wird der Erkennungsmechanismus zwischen Antigen und Antikörper simuliert und der Signalisierungsmechanismus innerhalb der prokaryotischen Zellen wird gebraucht um die korrekte Erkennung zum nachgeschaltetem Signal weiterzugeben。
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2. Durch den Gebrauch des extrazellulären Präsentiersystems der Prokaryoten, wird das Antikörper-Screening zum einfachen "Filter"-Screening.
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3. Durch den Gebrauch des  Interaktions- und Kombinationssystems der Prokaryoten wird das Antikörper-Screening  zum simplen Antikörper-Resistenz-Screening.
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<div id="leftpic"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/9/9c/Humanpic.JPG" width=90px /></div><p>Our project is supported by School of Life Sciences, Department of Physics, Academy of Arts and Designs in Tsinghua.</p><P>
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Besides, we cited from a series of references.</p>
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</html>Anticuerpo es una especie de sustancia mágica.
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Los temas de investigación relacionados con el anticuerpo se puede dividir en dos áreas:
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En primer lugar, en el área de las ciencias naturales, estudiando el mecanismo de producción de anticuerpos en los mamíferos. El tema central es cómo las células B producen numerosos anticuerpos utilizando limitados fragmentos del gen en el cromosoma. En consecuencia, en cierta ocasión, producen gran cantidad de anticuerpos adecuados para responder a los cambios del medio ambiente.
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En segundo lugar, en el campo de la ingeniería, desarrollando una tecnología de producción de anticuerpos. El tema central es cómo podemos desarrollar un método económico y eficaz para la fabricación de diversos específicos anticuerpos.
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Creemos que los dos son esencialmente uniformes.
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Inspirado en el concepto de la biología sintética, Tsinghua iGEM 2010, el proyecto se centra en el desarrollo Sistema de Generación artificial de un anticuerpo dentro de las células procariotas para proporcionar una nueva forma para resolver los problemas sobre la generación de anticuerpos. Gracias a la simpleza y facilidad para ser industrializado el sistema procariótico, como un sistema de generación de anticuerpos, una vez establecido, facilitará la producción económica y eficiente de los anticuerpos.
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La producción de anticuerpos en el sistema inmune de los mamíferos consta de dos etapas:
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-Producir un gran número de anticuerpos al azar
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-Seleccionar de los específicos de acuerdo con el antígeno.
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Por lo tanto, nuestro Sistema de Generación de anticuerpos sería también compuesto de dos dispositivos:
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'''Módulo I: La generación de la colección de anticuerpos'''
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Utilizando un método de recombinación eficiente bacteriana in vivo, se simula el complejo proceso de reestructuración durante el desarrollo de las células B inmunes con la recombinación simple durante la proliferación de bacterias Escherichia coli, para lograr el propósito de utilizar una sola cepa de bacterias para generar una colección de anticuerpos.
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Mientras tanto, este proyecto utiliza las herramientas de modelación matemática para demostrar la viabilidad de este sistema en la teoría.
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'''Módulo II: Selección de anticuerpos específicos'''
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En la detección de anticuerpos, el sistema inmune se desarrolla de una manera inteligente para seleccionar el anticuerpo que necesita. Sin embargo, se necesita una manera simple de industrializar la selección de anticuerpos independiente del sistema de eucariotas. Nuestro sistema de generación de anticuerpos tratará de combinar las ventajas de ambos sistemas: sistema inmune de mamíferos y el sistema de reproducción de procariotas. Varias estrategias se desarrollan para alcanzar tal objetivo:
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1. Usar la combinación de proteínas en la membrana de E. coli para simular el reconocimiento entre el antígeno y el anticuerpo, y utilizar el mecanismo de señalización dentro de las células procariotas para transferir el reconocimiento correcto en la señal de corriente.
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2. Utilizar el sistema extracelular que presenta los procariotas para cambiar la detección de anticuerpos a la simple "filtro" de selección.
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3. Utilizar el sistema de interacción y combinación de los procariotas para cambiar los anticuerpos de detección para la proyección simple de resistencia a los antibióticos.
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<div id="leftpic"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/f/fd/Humanity.jpg" width=90px /></div><p>We put safety as our first priority and made a detailed safety brochure. </p>
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<p>We also devoted efforts to publicize synthetic biology and to cooperate with other teams. The teams in China held a summer meetup to discuss our progress and share our resources. We also held a lecture introducing iGEM and our project in Tsinghua Univeristy. To get further support, we sought the cooperation of iGEM Team at Macquire, Australia.</p>
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</html>抗体関連の研究のトピックは、2つの方向に分割することができます：
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まず、自然科学の領域では、哺乳類の抗体産生のメカニズムを研究している。問題の核心は、B細胞は、多数の抗体を染色体の限られた遺伝子断片を使用して生成することができます。その結果、特定の状況では、外部環境の変化に対応するため、適切な抗体の多くを生成します。
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第二に、工学分野では、抗体生産技術を開発して、コアの問題は、どのように経済的かつ効果的な方法を様々な高特異的抗体を製造するために開発することができます
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我々は、2つの本質的に均一であると考えます。
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合成生物学の概念に触発さ、清華せいさつ2010プロジェクトは、原核生物細胞内抗体の生成に関する問題を解決するための新しい方法を提供する人工抗体の生成システムを開発に焦点を当てています。原核生物のシステムと簡単にすること、先進単純な文字のおかげで、このような抗体を生成するシステム、一度設立され、抗体の安価で効率的な生産を促進する。
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哺乳類の免疫系の抗体の生産は2つの手順が含まれます：
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-抗体ランダム多数のプロデュース
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-を選択します抗原に基づいて特定のものです。
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したがって、我々の抗体の生成システムはまた、2つのデバイスで構成されるでしょう：
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'''モジュールI：世代抗体ライブラリの。'''
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効率的な細菌の生体内組換え法を用いて、我々は細菌大腸菌の増殖中に簡単な組換えと免疫B細胞の開発中に、抗体を生成する細菌の1つの系統を使用して目的を達成するために、複雑な構造調整の過程をシミュレートするライブラリ。
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一方、このプロジェクトは理論的にはこのシステムの有効性を証明するために数学的モデリングのツールを使用します。
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'''モジュール2：セレクション特定の抗体の'''
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抗体スクリーニングでは、免疫システムがスマートな方法、それは必要な抗体を取り出すに展開する。しかし、我々は簡単に抗体真核細胞系の独立の選択を工業化する必要があります。当社の抗体を生成するシステムは、哺乳動物の免疫システムと原核生物の複製system.Several戦略の利点を組み合わせるために開発さなどの目標を達成しようとします：
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1。大腸菌の細胞膜上のタンパク質の組み合わせを使用して、抗原と抗体との認識をシミュレートし、原核生物の細胞内下流信号に正しい認識を転送するシグナル伝達機構を使用します。
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2。原核生物の細胞外提示システムを使用して、抗体を単純な"フィルタ"スクリーニングスクリーニングを変更します。
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3。相互作用と原核生物の組み合わせシステムを使用して、抗体を簡単に抗生物質耐性のスクリーニングにスクリーニングを変更します。
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Latest revision as of 15:41, 21 October 2010

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Team

We're from Tsinghua University.

Since China opened up to the world in 1978, Tsinghua University has developed at a breathtaking pace into a comprehensive research university. At present, the university has 14 schools and 56 departments with faculties in science, engineering, humanities, law, medicine, history, philosophy, economics, management, education and art. The University has now over 25,900 students, including 13,100 undergraduates and 12,800 graduate students. As one of China’s most renowned universities, Tsinghua has become an important institution for fostering talent and scientific research.

With the motto of “Self-Discipline and Social Commitment” and the spirit of “Actions Speak Louder than Words”, Tsinghua University is dedicated to the well-being of Chinese society and to world development.

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Project

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are monospecific antibodies that are the same, made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. When stimulated by almost any type of antigen, the immune system can create the specific antibody. This lays the foundation for monoclonal artificial antibodies.

The current most well-developed technique in Artificial Monoclonal Antibody is the famous Hybridoma Cell Production. Monoclonal antibodies are typically made by fusing myeloma cells with the spleen cells from a mouse that has been immunized with the desired antigen. The success rate is so low that a selective medium in which only fused cells can grow is used. This mixture of cells is then diluted and clones are grown from single parent cells on microtitre wells. The antibodies secreted by the different clones are then assayed for their ability to bind to the antigen. The most productive and stable clone is then selected for future use.

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Parts

We built a host of parts during our project. The idea is that after every small step, we store our sequence as a biobrick part.

This strategy marks our progress and facilitates future use of these sequences.

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Experiment

Our experiments are carefully recorded on a daily basis. Through the series of records, we can see our joys and sorrows.

Besides, we made the records for the purpose that our experiments can be repeated one day by someone else, thus contributing to the exploration of the unknown.

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Support

Our project is supported by School of Life Sciences, Department of Physics, Academy of Arts and Designs in Tsinghua.

Besides, we cited from a series of references.

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Human Practice

We put safety as our first priority and made a detailed safety brochure.

We also devoted efforts to publicize synthetic biology and to cooperate with other teams. The teams in China held a summer meetup to discuss our progress and share our resources. We also held a lecture introducing iGEM and our project in Tsinghua Univeristy. To get further support, we sought the cooperation of iGEM Team at Macquire, Australia.

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