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Introduction

This part of the project involves dealing with the extreme temperature changes of the Martian surface. To do so, we implemented the expression of LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) “antifreeze” protein. Thus, we aimed to verify the resistance to cold shock of the E. coli cultures which express LEA and compare the obtained with the ones which does not(control cultures).

Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins

Characteristics and function

The study of natural desiccation experienced by embryos during seed maturation allowed the discovery of a large group of genes that encode proteins called LEA (Late embryogenesis abundant). These genes are regulated by osmotic stress and the LEA proteins that they encode are suspected of being involved in the protection of cells to desiccation (Taiz and Zeiger, 1991 ).

LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) proteins were discovered about thirty years ago and were identified as proteins that highly accumulate during the maturation of cotton embryogenesis (Dure and Chlan, 1981). Among their common characteristics, we can point out their high hydrophilicity, the abundance of some amino acid residues such as Gly, Ala, Thr, Glu and Lys/Arg, and their probable intrinsic lack of tertiary structure (Battaglia et al. ,2008 ).

Although these proteins are known for their role in preventing dehydration in plants, they can be found in many distant branches of the tree of life, such as algae, animals, fungi, archaea and bacteria (Tompa and Kovacs, 2010 ). Although the action way of LEA proteins is not well understood, it is known it accumulates in vegetative tissues during episodes of osmotic stress. Its protective role may be associated with the capacity to hold water (due to their high hydrophilicity) and prevent aggregation of cellular proteins and crystallization of other molecules during seed drying up (Taiz and Zeiger, 1991). They could also help to stabilize the cell membrane.

LEA proteins as extreme temperatures protector

Plants suffer water stress, not only during drought or high salt concentrations but also during low temperature conditions. During exposure of plants to freezing temperatures extracellular ice formation imposes a dehydrator force to unfrozen intracellular solution. Ice formation leads to rapid extracellular concentration of solutes and the change of chemical potential and osmotic pressure causes the liquid water to moves out of the cell. It is immediate to deduce that high temperatures also cause water stress and desiccation (Puebla and Del Viso, 2004).

Thus, if the stress caused by low and high temperatures is associated with water stress, LEA proteins could be able to protect cells against extreme temperatures. This is where it makes sense the use of LEA proteins in our project. We use them in order to protect the cells which would have to survive on Mars, at extremely low temperatures, and should withstand repeated freezing and thawing (depending on the temperature differences between day and night and different seasons).

In this case, soybean PM2 protein, one LEA3 protein (LEA proteins are classified in seven groups according the structure of amino acid sequence), has been chosen. Based on an article (Liu, et al. 2009), we proposed using this protein as a cell protector, and we designed a series of experiments to verify the resistance to temperature changes in E.coli expressing LEA.

Verification of LEA protection against extreme temperature

Extreme temperatures

In order to demonstrate that PM2 (LEA3) protein is useful to protect the cells during a part of terraforming process we tried to choose representative temperatures for the treatments. The chart below shows the maximum and minimum temperatures on Mars along a year, depending on the latitude at 0 longitude. Treatment temperatures were selected focusing on the equator area (around latitude 0). In this area current temperatures range, during most of the year, are between -80ºC and 20ºC approximately. And, in a partially terraformed Mars, these temperatures would be warmer.

The considered temperatures are as follows:

• -80ºC, as the minimum temperature on the equator area,
• 20ºC, as the maximum temperature on the equator area,
• -20ºC, as the minimum temperature on the equator area in a partially terraformed Mars,
• 50ºC, as the upper limit of temperature on Mars during the terraforming process.

These experiment temperatures are realistic for the equator area. In colder areas we can use the Red-House device to reach them. Thus, if we demonstrate the cell resistance at these temperatures we might consider these cells be able to live in other areas (and also to grow) because of the temperature rise achieved with the Red-House.

Moreover, in order to mimic the cycle temperatures during a solar day on Mars (sol), the treatments for the experiments consists of varying the temperature from maximum value to a minimum. So, the result of combining these temperatures are four different treatments. In addition, we also carried out this assays with cells in a 8% of glycerol solution, due to its protective effect against freezing temperatures. The reason why we used glycerol was because we were afraid no cells at 0% glycerol could survive on such harsh temperatures.

Verification protocol

The experiments were carried in both in E. coli expressing LEA and in others transformed only with the backbone.

Schematic representation of expressing LEA protein cells (left) and backbone transformed cells (right).

The figure below summarizes all the treatments carried on in LEA and NOT LEA cells.

Different combinations of conditions (temperature cycles and glycerol presence) in the experiment.

We got, for each case, three replicates in order to obtain three independent events for our results. Later, both results were compared to demonstrate that LEA really helps E. coli to survive. Liquid medium was chosen to the treatments, and, after that, the cells were spread on plates in order to calculate their concentration.

You can see the whole protocol at the Protocols section.

Results

The measured output is the survival ratio calculated as follows:

Bacterial concentration has been calculated from the number of colonies counted on the plates before and after the treatment (taking into account initial DO, glycerol concentration and dilutions).

Obtained data has been analyzed by means of a non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis analysis. This analysis compares survival ratio obtained in the different conditions: with and without LEA. The confidence value has been set at 0,05.

An independent analysis has been done for each combination of conditions.

The chart below represents in logarithmic axes the mean of survival ratio for all different conditions. This chart clearly shows that bacteria expressing LEA survive (and even some times grow) while non-expressing LEA cells yield a very reduced survival ratio. So, a highly protective effect of LEA is visible on this figure. LEA is having in all cases but at -80/50 combination a higher protective action than glycerol's.

Results of the experiment. Logaritmic survival ratio of four different cases: E.coli growing with and without LEA, and cultures with 0% and 8% of glycerol.

For every analysis we obtained a p-value lower than 10^-4. These results point out the protective effect of LEA as statistically significant.

Finally, it is noteworthy that the chart shows a synergic interaction between glycerol and LEA presence. When the expression of PM2 and the presence of glycerol in the growth medium are combined, the survival ratio results in a much higher protective effect.

References

• Liu, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Li, R. (2009). Soybean PM2 protein (LEA3) confers the tolerance of Escherichia coli and stabilization of enzyme activity under diverse stresses. Current Microbiology. 60: 373-378.

• Dure, L., Chlan, C. (1981). Developmental biochemistry of cottonseed embryogenesis and germination. Plant Physiology. 68: 180-186.

• Battaglia, M., Olvera-Carrillo, Y., Garciarrubio, A., Campos, F., Covarrubias A. (2008). The enigmatic LEA proteins and other hydrophilins. Plant Physiology. 148: 6-24.

• Tompa, P., Kovacs, D. (2010), Intrinsically disordered chaperones in plants and animals. Biochemical and Cellular Biology. 88: 167-174.

• Puebla, A. F., Del Viso, F. (2004). Biotecnología y mejoramiento vegetal. Ediciones INTA, Buenos Aires.

• Taiz, L., Zeiger, E. (1991). Plant Physiology. Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., New York.