Team:Monash Australia/Project

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Latest revision as of 10:22, 27 October 2010

Project overview

Monash University has a strong push for sustainability and this has rubbed off on us as students. We are passionate about using synthetic biology to reduce the impact humans have on the planet and this inspired our first iGEM project.

A hot topic in Australia is the billions of non-degradable and non-renewable plastic bags that are used every year around the country, which go on to pollute waterways and take up space in landfills already packed to the limit. We decided to come up with a better way to produce poly-ethylene, the most widely used plastic compound. Not only plastic bags, but almost every plastic good imaginable from take-away food containers to rainwater tanks is manufactured from ethylene. Currently, ethylene is produced from petrochemicals and thus comes with a heavy environmental footprint. The way forward, we believe, is to take advantage of the ethylene production systems in plants and thus make ethylene manufacture both renewable and environmentally friendly.

Structure of ethylene

So what is ethylene used for?

Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact with an ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based products is the humble plastic shopping bag. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create polyethylene and is a feedstock for many other plastics, including PVC, polyester and polystyrene. However, it doesn’t stop there: ethylene is also used to produce products as varied as detergent, anti-freeze, alcohol, cosmetics, and bulletproof vests. Due to its combustible properties, it has considerable promise as a fuel for vehicles. It can even be used to ripen bananas and enhance latex production from rubber trees!

How do we currently make ethylene?

Currently ethylene is produced from oil or natural gas by ‘steam cracking’. This requires a huge amount of energybecause the hydrocarbons must be heated to 750–950 °C, and then immediately quenched to -157 °C to stop free radical reactions. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethylene production plant has a 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, which combine to one big power bill and an enormous carbon footprint! The fossil fuels used are also non-renewable resources that may soon be in short supply. Oil, particularly, is a major environmental hazard, as we saw recently with the unprecedented spill in the Gulf of Mexico.

How do plants make ethylene?

Plants synthesise ethylene naturally. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. Ethylene biosynthesis occurs in three steps, starting with the conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidise ACC to ethylene.

So what are the more common items we can relate to?

Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap	Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles	Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes	High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles
Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests	PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes	Polystryene - Packing material and insulation	Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze

A case study: plastic water bottles

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Let’s explore example of an ethylene based product: disposable plastic water bottles. These bottles are made from PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and the Bottled Water Alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging for bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere per year due to these plastic bottles. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude impacts from the mining and transportation of crude materials.

On their own, those numbers are incredible, but when you take into account every other bottled product - soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc – it is clear that the manufacture of plastic bottles consumes an absolutely immense amount of energy and results in a tremendous amount of carbon pollution. Given modern society’s love affair with plastic bottles, policy-based mechanisms to discourage their use are unlikely to be effective. What could work is a technological solution, by which ethylene manufacture is decoupled from fossil fuels.

Our vision is to genetically engineer Escherichia coli to produce ethylene at room temperature, at low cost, with low energy reqirements and using renewable organic feedstocks.

(Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])

Experimental plan

Yang cycle

To make this vision a reality, we attempted to transfer the plant ethylene biosynthesis pathway into E. coli. Plants produce ethylene through the Yang Cycle, which uses methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We studied the enzymes involved and designed a genetic circuit composed of SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. E coli already possesses a gene for SAM synthase, so we added a second copy to our construct to ramp up production.

ACC synthase and ACC oxidase are only found in plants, so we explored enzyme characterisation databases to find the most efficient and specific catalysts from the plant world. Our analysis pointed to apple for ACC synthase and tomato for ACC oxidase. With this in silico work done, our plan was to have all three genes synthesised by Mr. Gene after codon optimising them for E. coli.

We would then add ribosome binding sites and link these three genes together in one construct for efficient ethylene production from E. coli. Naturally, all of the constructs would be made available as biobricks for future iGEMers. Apart from industrial-scale ethylene production, these biobricks could potentially be used for future projects involving cellular signalling through ethylene receptors derived from plants.

Construct design

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}
-{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}
-== '''Overall project''' ==
+== Project overview ==
-Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods, which can reduce the impact of producing plastics has on the enviroment.
+Monash University has a strong push for sustainability and this has rubbed off on us as students. We are passionate about using synthetic biology to reduce the impact humans have on the planet and this inspired our first iGEM project.
-<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br>
+A hot topic in Australia is the billions of non-degradable and non-renewable plastic bags that are used every year around the country, which go on to pollute waterways and take up space in landfills already packed to the limit. We decided to come up with a better way to produce poly-ethylene, the most widely used plastic compound. Not only plastic bags, but almost every plastic good imaginable from take-away food containers to rainwater tanks is manufactured from ethylene. Currently, ethylene is produced from petrochemicals and thus comes with a heavy environmental footprint. The way forward, we believe, is to take advantage of the ethylene production systems in plants and thus make ethylene manufacture both renewable and environmentally friendly.
-Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.
-<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br>
+[[Image:Monash_2010_Ethylene.png|200px|thumb|left|Structure of ethylene]]
-To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench  to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.
-<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br>
-Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.
+<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b>
+Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact with an ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based products is the humble plastic shopping bag. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create polyethylene and is a feedstock for many other plastics, including PVC, polyester and polystyrene. However, it doesn’t stop there: ethylene is also used to produce products as varied as detergent, anti-freeze, alcohol, cosmetics, and bulletproof vests. Due to its combustible properties, it has considerable promise as a fuel for vehicles.  It can even be used to ripen bananas and enhance latex production from rubber trees!
+<b>How do we currently make ethylene?</b>
+Currently ethylene is produced from oil or natural gas by ‘steam cracking’. This requires a huge amount of energybecause the hydrocarbons must be heated to 750–950 °C, and then immediately quenched to -157 °C to stop free radical reactions. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation.
+The average ethylene production plant has a 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, which combine to one big power bill and an enormous carbon footprint! The fossil fuels used are also non-renewable resources that may soon be in short supply. Oil, particularly, is a major environmental hazard, as we saw recently with the unprecedented spill in the Gulf of Mexico.
+<b>How do plants make ethylene?</b>
+Plants synthesise ethylene naturally. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. Ethylene biosynthesis occurs in three steps, starting with the conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidise ACC to ethylene.
 ==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==
@@ Line 32: / Line 42: @@
-==In simplier terms==
+==A case study: plastic water bottles==
-[[Image:Monash_Australia_bottledwater.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)]]
-For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product; soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc there is a huge amount of energy and carbon dioxide produced. We can not completely stop the use of plastic bottles, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic bottles, and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By using E. coli to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive process. We also decrease the reliance on mining oil which can lead to disastrous oil spills, such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident, which can affect the livelihood of many families, the impact it has on the environment, economic loss, and the destruction of wildlife. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])
+[[Image:Monash_Australia_bottledwater.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)]]
+Let’s explore example of an ethylene based product: disposable plastic water bottles. These bottles are made from PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and the Bottled Water Alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging for bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere per year due to these plastic bottles. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude impacts from the mining and transportation of crude materials.
+On their own, those numbers are incredible, but when you take into account every other bottled product - soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc – it is clear that the manufacture of plastic bottles consumes an absolutely immense amount of energy and results in a tremendous amount of carbon pollution. Given modern society’s love affair with plastic bottles, policy-based mechanisms to discourage their use are unlikely to be effective. What could work is a technological solution, by which ethylene manufacture is decoupled from fossil fuels.
+Our vision is to genetically engineer <i>Escherichia coli</i> to produce ethylene at room temperature, at low cost, with low energy reqirements and using renewable organic feedstocks.
+(Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])
 == Experimental plan ==
-We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.
+[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]]
+To make this vision a reality, we attempted to transfer the plant ethylene biosynthesis pathway into <i>E. coli</i>. Plants produce ethylene through the Yang Cycle, which uses methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We studied the enzymes involved and designed a genetic circuit composed of SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. E coli already possesses a gene for SAM synthase, so we added a second copy to our construct to ramp up production.
-[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.
+ACC synthase and ACC oxidase are only found in plants, so we explored enzyme characterisation databases to find the most efficient and specific catalysts from the plant world. Our analysis pointed to apple for ACC synthase and tomato for ACC oxidase. With this in silico work done, our plan was to have all three genes synthesised by Mr. Gene after codon optimising them for <i>E. coli</i>.
-For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.
+We would then add ribosome binding sites and link these three genes together in one construct for efficient ethylene production from <i>E. coli</i>. Naturally, all of the constructs would be made available as biobricks for future iGEMers. Apart from industrial-scale ethylene production, these biobricks could potentially be used for future projects involving cellular signalling through ethylene receptors derived from plants.
-== Results ==
+[[Image:Monash_2010_construct.png|200px|thumb|left|Construct design]]