Team:Imperial College London/Modelling/Output/Results and Conclusion

1. Parameter sensitivity performed on penultimate amplification level

The observations below are based on models that were implemented up to the production of dioxygenase. Catechol was not added to the system, so conclusions are based on the concentrations of dioxygenase. The results of the full models, including the colour output, are included in section 2 below.

Challenges

Despite being quite thoughtful in translating our models into MatLab, unexpected outputs were observed. For example, some species were generating negative concentrations. In particular, for initial dioxygenase concentrations smaller than 10^-4 mol/dm³ the results were inconclusive since they were oscillating around zero. We realised that this could be due to the ode-solver that we were using initially (ode45 in Matlab).

Trying to correct this problem with the ode-solver, the following precuations were implemented:

• NonNegative function in Matlab preventing solver from reaching negative values - still some marginally negative values show
• Scaling - all the values were scaled up by a factor of 10⁶ as working on small numbers could be problematic for Matlab. Once the result is generated by the solver the resulting matrix is scaled back down by 10⁶.

When we entered the real production and degradation rates into our model, we again obtained negative values. This was due to our set of differential equations being stiff. Since ode45 cannot solve stiff differential equations, we had to switch to using ode15s - an ODE-solver designed to handle stiff equations.

Model pre-A

This is the result of the simulation of simple production of Dioxygenase. It can be seen that the concentration will tend towards a final value of approximately 8×10^-6 mol/dm³. This final value is dependent on the production and degradation rate(which has been estimated for all of the models).

On the website E.coli Statistics [http://gchelpdesk.ualberta.ca/CCDB/cgi-bin/STAT_NEW.cgi] it is stated that number of ribosomal proteins per cell is 900,000. In a cellular volume of order of 1μm³ = 10^-15dm³=10^-15L, the above number of ribosomes converts to 1.5×10^-3mol/L. This means that a concentration of 10^-5mol/dm³ is not out of scale and there is even some room for manipulation.

Figure 1. Results of the Matlab simulation of Model preA.

Sensitivity of Model preA

Model A

Sensitivity of Model A

We want to determine how our system reacts if different parameters are changed. This is to find out which parameters our system is very sensitive to.

Figure 2. Comparison between Model pre-A and Model A. Initial concentration of split Dioxygenase: 10-5 mol/dm3. Bear in mind that Dioxygenase is a penultimate compound to the colour compound.

Hence, the system is sensitive to most of the constants (given a particular range of values). The most crucial one, however, seems to be the initial concentration of split Dioxygenase and k_cat.

Model B

Sensitivity of Model B

This model has shown very similar sensitivity results as Model A, eg.:

• Initial Concentration

The initial concentration of split Dioxygenase, c₀, determines whether the system is amplifying.

Model A vs. B

Running both models with the same initial conditions (c₀=10^-5 mol/dm³),it has been noted that Model B does not generate a siginificant amplfication over Model A. Hence, it would be more sensible to integrate a one step amplification module into our system.

Figure 3. Comparison between Models pre-A, A and B. Bear in mind that this graph shows dioxygenase concentrations which is at penultimate stage to the colour compound.

2. Parameter sensitivity performed on the complete models

The important information about the coloured compound (i.e. the product of the last enzymatic reaction) is toxic to the cells ([http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V78-4XXNV4Y-4-7&_cdi=5836&_user=217827&_pii=S0048969709011668&_orig=search&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2010&_sk=995919994&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzk&_valck=1&md5=f8dca6227c29db659ddbeb588ad115e7&ie=/sdarticle.pdf],[http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/downloadPDF1.jsp?fileName=393-15.pdf]). It is suggested that product of by-product of catechol-dioxygenase reaction destroys the cell membrane by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. It causes significant changes in the structure and functioning of membrane components (e.g. disruption of membrane potential, removal of lipids and proteins, loss of magnesium and calcium ions). These effects cause the loss of membrane functions, leading to cell death. In order to determine as least qualitatively the influence of cell death on performance of the amplifiers, 2 versions of models have been designed. Once version is neglcting the cell death while the other models instantaneous cell death with addition of catechol. Cell death in our models means that production of any proteins stops, but the reactions are still allowed to perform.

Challenges

Once we have implemented the colour change into the models, we noticed that there are some odd results. After adding catechol, some concentrations were reaching negative values. We checked our equations and constants but could not find a mistake. Hence, we concluded that there must be something wrong with the way that MatLab evaluates the equation or deals with the numbers. The problem seems to originate from the very rapid concentration change of catechol which disrupts the whole system.

Tried solutions:

• Implementation in TinkerCell

We hoped that TinkerCell imposes non-negative conditions on its solutions. Hence, we implemented the whole amplification model (including coloured output) in TinkerCell. However, we realized that TinkerCell does not deal well with very high or low numbers (For example, values higher than 10⁵ are not acceptable - this is important since our rate constants (k₁) are usually bigger than 10⁵. Also, the low degradation rates (10^-9) result in a zero output line). However, TinkerCell can still be used for testing that our Matlab programs behave the way we anticipated (by using default parameter values of 1), as well as producing illustrative diagrams of our system.

• Varying ODE solver options in MatLab

We had a close look at the ODE solver options in MatLab. However, we were already using the one that produced the most reasonable results (ode15s). We found that decreasing Relative and Absolute tolerances (to values as small as 10^-15) significantly improved the simulation. However, this is not an ultimate solution as in the simulations negative numbers still appear (order of 10^-15). We decided that such small negative concentrations were acceptable.

• Using SimBiology

We hoped that SimBiology could be more suited for our modelling than using ODE-solvers, so we implemented our models into SimBiology. This package offers an interactive user interface similar to Tinker Cell, but uses MatLab to simulate. Initially, we confirmed that our simple production model (Model PreA) and 1-step amplification model (Model A) implemented in SimBiology generated exactly the same results as our ODE equation based models. The interface allowed us to have clearer control over parameters. It also allowed modelling special events, for example, adding catechol at certain point in time. Previously we had to split simulation into to two parts.

Conclusions

• Changing time when catechol is added

If Catechol is added before t= 500s, then the coloured output will reach its threshold value faster by 1-step amplification. If Catechol is added when t>500s, then the coloured output will increase (marginally) faster through the amplification step in Model A (2-step amplifier). However, then there does not seem to be a appreciable difference between the two models (Model preA and Model A). These observations are true for intial concentration of dioxygenase equal to 10-5mol/dm3. However, we noticed that if the initial concentration is raised to 10-4mol/dm3, then Model A can be more beneficial than Model preA after only 100 seconds. Note that time of adding catechol does not exactly correspond to “cross-section” in Figure 3 as the systems still work after adding catechol, so it can be added a bit before the “cross section”. However, there is no point in delaying addition of catechol into system just prove that 2-step amplification could work.

Figure 4. Concentration of coloured compound for catechol being added before the "cross-section" is reached (check Figure 3 for definition of "cross-section").

Figure 5. Concentration of coloured compound for catechol being added when the cross-section is reached.

Figure 6. Concentration of coloured compound for catechol being added after the cross-section has been reached.

• Changing concentration of catechol added

There seem to be 3 regions of catechol concentration that influence the system in different ways. Whatever, the initial conditions and other parameters are, those 3 regions exist, but their boundaries move around. For one particular sequence of initial conditions, these regions were: c>1M, 1M>c>0.01M, 0.01M>c. Varying the initial concentration of catechol within the highest region does not result in any change of colour output response (It is possible that all enzymes are occupied and the solution is over saturated with catechol). In the middle region the catechol concentration influences the amplfication. Amplification decreased when the concentration tends towards the 0.01M border. When the lowest region is entered, there is no difference in output production by Model A and preA.

• Cell death

The coloured product of catechol kills cells by destroying the cell membrane. However, we do not know how quickly the cells will die. Therefore, we examined two different cases: immediate cell death and negligible cell death (i.e. cells death is negligible because it takes too long)

Running the simluation in Matlab (not Simbiology!), our conclusions are:

1. Immediate cell death slows down production of coloured output. Depending on the threshold concentration this can delay the detectable response by a few minutes.
2. If Catechol is added before t=1000s, then cell death slows down the response considerably.
3. In case of cells being modelled as alive, the difference between the 2-step amplified and the 1-step amplified model is smaller than it is in case of cell death.

Since it appears that the time of cell death is important, we decided to discuss this issue with our team members. Referring to this paper [1] we decided that cell death induced by catechool is a very slow process (we estimate that it will take a few hours) in comparison to the time scale that we are interested in (several seconds to minutes). Hence, our final conclusions will be on the model neglecting cell death.

Figure 7. Colour response model for cells being kept alive. The four graphs correspond to 4 species of the last enzymatic reaction that leads to colour showing up.

Figure 8. Colour response model with the same parameters as Figure 7 for cells being killed instantaneously by catechol. The four graphs correspond to 4 species of the last enzymatic reaction that leads to colour showing up.

References

1. Chen, H. et al (2009) Toxicity of three phenolic compounds and their mixtures on the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis in the aquatic environment. Science of the Total Environment. [Online] 408(2010), 1043-1049. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V78-4XXNV4Y-4-7&_cdi=5836&_user=217827&_pii=S0048969709011668&_orig=search&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2010&_sk=995919994&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzk&_valck=1&md5=f8dca6227c29db659ddbeb588ad115e7&ie=/sdarticle.pdf [Accessed 6th September 2010]
2. Park, S., Ko, Y. & Kim, C. (2001) Toxic Effects of Catechol and 4-Chlorobenzoate Stresses on Bacterial Cells. The Journal of Microbiology. [Online] 39(3), 206-212. Available from: http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/downloadPDF1.jsp?fileName=393-15.pdf [Accessed 6th September 2010]
3. Habibi Nazhad, B. (2008) E. coli Statistics. [Online] Available from: http://gchelpdesk.ualberta.ca/CCDB/cgi-bin/STAT_NEW.cgi [Accessed 6th September 2010]