Team:TU Delft/Project/alkane-degradation/parts

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=BioBricks, the making of=
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{{Team:TU_Delft/frame_check}}
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Two BioBricks are the final constructs for this sub-project. The BioBricks K398015 and K398022, implemented in E.coli, will be able to degrade medium (C5-13) and long chain (C15-36) alkanes respectively, while utilizing them as a C-source. The oxidation route of the alkanes is illustrated in figure 1.
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__NOTOC__
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<html><center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/0/00/TU_Delft_project_navigation.jpg" usemap="#projectnavigation" border="0" /></center><map id="projectnavigation" name="projectnavigation"><area shape="rect" alt="Characterization" title="" coords="309,3,591,45" href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:TU_Delft#page=Project/alkane-degradation/characterization" target="" /><area shape="rect" alt="Results" title="" coords="609,3,891,44" href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:TU_Delft#page=Project/alkane-degradation/results" target="" /><area shape="rect" alt="Parts" title="" coords="9,3,290,44" href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:TU_Delft#page=Project/alkane-degradation/parts" target="" /></map></html>
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[[Image:TUDelft_Alkane_degradation_route.png|600px|thumb|center|'''Figure 1''' – Schematic description of the alkane degradation pathway with the corresponding genes.]]
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==Alkane Degradation Parts==
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[[Image:TUDelft_Alkane_degradation_route.png|450px|thumb|right|Figure 1: Schematic description of the alkane degradation pathway with the corresponding genes.]]
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===Introduction===
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The Alkanivore ''E.coli'' strain has been designed to carry the genes required for the conversion of medium (C<sub>5</sub>-C<sub>13</sub>) and long chain (C<sub>15</sub>-C<sub>36</sub>) alkanes. A general scheme for the oxidation of the alkanes is illustrated in figure 1.
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To create the alkane degradation constructs a number of genes encoding for alkane degradation enzymes were synthesized and combined with promoters and RBSs obtained from the BioBrick distribution plates. Combination of these genes resulted in the following final BioBrick constructs (the intermediate have also been submitted to the registry).  
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To create the alkane degradation constructs a number of genes encoding for alkane degradation enzymes were synthesized and combined with promoters and ribosome binding sites obtained from the BioBrick distribution plates. Combination of these genes resulted in the following BioBrick constructs (the intermediates have also been submitted to the registry).
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==BBa_K398014 - Short-chain (C5-13) Alkane degradation==
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The short-chain hydrocarbon degrading BioBrick contains the AlkB gene cluster from ‘’Gordonia sp. TF6’’[1]. This will facilitate the initial step of the oxidation of C5-13 alkanes as well as that of C5-8 cycloalkanes. It is expected that the in-house mechanism of E.coli will be able to further degrade the products of this pathway. The gene cluster is formed by the genes for alkB2 (alkane 1-monooxygenase), rubA3 (rubredoxin), rubA4 (rubredoxin) and rubR (rubredoxin reductase). alkB2 is a non-haem diiron monooxygenase membrane protein, reported for several genus and species. This monooxygenase oxidizes n-alkanes to the respective n-alkanols and requires three soluble electron-transfer proteins, rubredoxin (rubA3 & rubA4) and rubredoxin reductase (rubR).
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===BBa_K398014 - Medium-chain (C5-C13) alkane conversion (alkB)===
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Our medium-chain hydrocarbon degrading strain contains the alkane hydroxylase (AH) native to ''Gordonia sp. TF6'' [1].  
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This system facilitates the initial oxidation step of C<sub>5</sub>-C<sub>13</sub> alkanes along with that of C<sub>5</sub>-C<sub>8</sub> cycloalkanes towards their respective alcohols. Based on the literature on this topic [5] it is expected that the in-house mechanism of ''E.coli'' will be able to further degrade the products of this pathway.  
 +
 
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The AH construct consists of the sequences encoding for:
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*Alkane 1-monooxygenase (alkB2); an integral cytoplasmic membrane monooxygenase of which homologs have been reported for varying genus and species. This is the catalytic component of the AH system and as such oxidizes (cyclo)alkanes to their respective (cyclo)alkanols by transferring one oxygen atom from molecular oxygen to the alkane.
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*Rubredoxin reductase (rubB); catalyzes the reduction  of the second oxygen atom released from molecular oxygen using electrons supplied by NADH.
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*Rubredoxin (rubA3); facilitates the transfer of electrons from NADH to rubredoxin reductase.
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*Rubredoxin (rubA4); an electron-carrier protein required by the AH system.
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The AH construct was designed to harbor all four of the required coding sequences -each behind its own RBS region- sharing a constitutive promoter.
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View this part in the [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K398014 '''parts registry''']
[[Image:BBa_K398014_AlkB2_RubA3_RubA4_RubR.png|350px]]
[[Image:BBa_K398014_AlkB2_RubA3_RubA4_RubR.png|350px]]
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==BBa_K398022 - Long-chain (C15-36) Alkane degradation==
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===BBa_K398017 - Long-chain (C15-C36) alkane conversion (ladA)===
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The long-chain degrading BioBrick contains three genes, forming a degradation pathway form alkanes to alkanoic acids.
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For the first step in the long-chain alkane degradation pathway ladA was implemented [2]; a flavoprotein alkane monooxygenase native to ''Geobacillus thermodinitrificans NG-80-2''. It has been found to specifically oxidize the terminal regions of alkanes ranging from C<sub>15</sub> up to at least C<sub>36</sub>. The product is the corresponding primary alkanol. LadA forms a catalytic complex with flavin mononucleotide (FMN) which utilizes dioxygen to insert an oxygen atom into the substrate.
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For the first step in this pathway ladA will be used[2], a long-chain alkane monooxygenase from ‘’Geobacillus thermodenitrificans’’ NG80-2. This gene facilitates the conversion of long-chain alkanes (up to at least C36) to their corresponding primary alcohols.
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Because of the length of the alkanes (and thus also of the pathway intermediates) the BioBrick will also contain an additional ADH and ALDH Bacillus thermoleovorans B23[3-4]. These genes will facilitate the conversion of these long-chain intermediates (alkanols & alkanals).
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The general catalytic function involves three chemical processes:
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*Reduction of the cofactor flavin mononucleotide (FMN to FMNH2) by NAD(P)H
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*Reaction of FMNH2 with O2
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*Binding, orienting, and activating the substrate for its oxygenation
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LadA's ability to preferentially capture long-chain alkanes for oxidation sets it apart from other flavoprotein monooxygenases.
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View this part in the [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K398017 '''parts registry''']
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[[Image:TUDelft_BBa_K398017.png|150px]]
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===BBa_K398018 - Medium-chain alkanol conversion (ADH)=== 
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The following step in the oxidation pathway is catalyzed by a zinc-independent alcohol dehydrogenase from ''Geobacillus thermoleovorans B23''; a thermophilic bacterium [3]. The enzyme converts medium-chain alkanols into their respective alkanals by reduction of NAD into NADH.
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View this part in the [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K398018 '''parts registry''']
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[[Image:TUDelft_BBa_K398018.png|120px]]
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===BBa_K398029 and BBa_K398030 - Medium-chain alkanal conversion (ALDH)===
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For the final step in the medium-chain oxidation the aldehyde dehydrogenase from the thermophile ''Geobacillus thermoleovorans B23'' is implemented. It functions as an octamer, requiring NAD+ as coenzyme. The optimum condition for activity lies at temperatures between 50 and 55 degrees Celsius and a pH of 10 [4].
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View BBa_K398029 in the [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K398029 '''parts registry''']
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[[Image:TUDelft_BBa_K398022.png|300px]]
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View BBa_K398030 in the [http://partsregistry.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K398030 '''parts registry''']
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=Characterization=
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[[Image:TUDelft_ALDH.png|150px|left]]
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The following strains will be characterized:
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• E.coli K12 containing BBa_K398028 in pSB1A2 (AlkB and RubA3) and BBa_K398011 in pSB1C3 (RubR and RubA4)
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• E.coli K12 containing BBa_K398017 in pSB1A2 (LadA)
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• E.coli K12 containing BBa_K398026 in pSB1A2 (ADH and ALDH)
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• E.coli K12 containing BBa_K398026 in pSB1A2 (ADH and ALDH) and BBa_K398017 in pSB1C3 (LadA)
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• E.coli K12 containing an ‘empty’ pSB1A2 plasmid
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The characterization will involve three main aspects:
 
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1. The alkane lengths that are converted by the respective genes
 
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2. The speed at which the alkanes are converted by the enzymes
 
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3. Possible growth of E.coli K12 on the respective alkane
 
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===Characterization of growth===
 
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The preliminary characterization will aim to determine the presence of growth on any one of the following alkanes:
 
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• octane (C8)
 
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• undecane (C11)
 
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• dodecane (C12)
 
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• tetradecane (C14)
 
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• heptadecane (C¬17)
 
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• octadecane (C18)
 
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For the growth characterization on short-chain and long-chain alkanes an E.coli K12 strain containing BBa_K398015 and BBa_K398022 (or intermediates thereof) is inoculated into M9 minimal medium containing 5% v/v ratio of the respective alkane on a 96-well plate with 200 μL volume per well. Growth will be determined o/n by absorbance at 600nm with intervals of 10 minutes.
 
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===Characterization of enzyme functionality===
 
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Parallel to this, resting-cell assays will be performed on growth-inhibited E.coli K12 strains containing the constructs described earlier. These assays will indicate the presence or absence of the desired enzymes, regardless of the alkane’s utilization for growth. The hydrocarbon compositions will be determined by gas chromatography analysis.
 
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===''References''===
 
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'''[1]''' Fujii, T., Narikawa, T., Takeda, K., Kato, J., Biotransformation of various alkanes using the Escherichia coli expressing an alkane hydroxylase system from ''Gordonia sp. TF6''. ''Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry'', 68(10) 2171-2177 ('''2004''')
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===References===
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'''[2]''' Liu Li, Xueqian Liu, Wen Yang, Feng Xu, Wei Wang, Lu Feng, Mark Bartlam, Lei Wang and Zihe Rao. Crystal Structure of Long-Chain Alkane Monooxygenase (LadA) in Complex with Coenzyme FMN: Unveiling the Long-Chain Alkane Hydroxylase. ''Journal of molecular biology'', 376: 453–465 ('''2008''')
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#'''Fujii, T., Narikawa, T., Takeda, K., Kato, J.''', Biotransformation of various alkanes using the Escherichia coli expressing an alkane hydroxylase system from ''Gordonia sp. TF6''. ''Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry'', 68(10) 2171-2177 ('''2004''')
 +
#'''Liu Li, Xueqian Liu, Wen Yang, Feng Xu, Wei Wang, Lu Feng, Mark Bartlam, Lei Wang and Zihe Rao.''' Crystal Structure of Long-Chain Alkane Monooxygenase (LadA) in Complex with Coenzyme FMN: Unveiling the Long-Chain Alkane Hydroxylase. ''Journal of molecular biology'', 376: 453-465 ('''2008''')
 +
#'''Tomohisa Kato, Asuka Miyanaga, Mitsuru Haruki, Tadayuki Imanaka, Masaaki Morikawa & Shigenori Kanaya.''' Gene Cloning of an Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Thermophilic Alkane-Degrading ''Bacillus thermoleovorans B23''. ''Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering'' 91(1):100-102 ('''2001''')
 +
#'''Tomohisa Kato, Asuka Miyanaga, Shigenori Kanaya, Masaaki Morikawa.''' Gene cloning and characterization of an aldehyde dehydrogenase from long-chain alkane-degrading ''Geobacillus thermoleovorans B23''. ''Extremophiles'' 14:33-39 ('''2010''')
 +
#'''Sulzenbacher, G., et al.''', Crystal structure of E-coli alcohol dehydrogenase YqhD: Evidence of a covalently modified NADP coenzyme. ''Journal of Molecular Biology'' 342(2):489-502 ('''2004''')
 +
#http://mbel.kaist.ac.kr/lab/research/protein_en1.html
 +
#'''Hoffmann F. and Rinas U'''. Stress Induced by Recombinant Protein Production in ''Escherichia coli'' ''Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology'', Vol. 89, pp. 73-92.('''2004''')
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'''[3]''' Tomohisa Kato, Asuka Miyanaga, Mitsuru Haruki, Tadayuki Imanaka, Masaaki Morikawa & Shigenori Kanaya. Gene Cloning of an Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Thermophilic Alkane-Degrading ''Bacillus thermoleovorans B23''. ''Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering'' 91(1):100-102 ('''2001''')
 
-
'''[4]''' Tomohisa Kato, Asuka Miyanaga, Shigenori Kanaya, Masaaki Morikawa. Gene cloning and characterization of an aldehyde dehydrogenase from long-chain alkane-degrading ''Geobacillus thermoleovorans B23''. ''Extremophiles'' 14:33-39 ('''2010''')
+
<html><center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/0/00/TU_Delft_project_navigation.jpg" usemap="#projectnavigation" border="0" /></center><map id="projectnavigation" name="projectnavigation"><area shape="rect" alt="Characterization" title="" coords="309,3,591,45" href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:TU_Delft#page=Project/alkane-degradation/characterization" target="" /><area shape="rect" alt="Results" title="" coords="609,3,891,44" href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:TU_Delft#page=Project/alkane-degradation/results" target="" /><area shape="rect" alt="Parts" title="" coords="9,3,290,44" href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:TU_Delft#page=Project/alkane-degradation/parts" target="" /></map></html>

Latest revision as of 22:21, 27 October 2010

CharacterizationResultsParts

Alkane Degradation Parts

Figure 1: Schematic description of the alkane degradation pathway with the corresponding genes.

Introduction

The Alkanivore E.coli strain has been designed to carry the genes required for the conversion of medium (C5-C13) and long chain (C15-C36) alkanes. A general scheme for the oxidation of the alkanes is illustrated in figure 1.

To create the alkane degradation constructs a number of genes encoding for alkane degradation enzymes were synthesized and combined with promoters and ribosome binding sites obtained from the BioBrick distribution plates. Combination of these genes resulted in the following BioBrick constructs (the intermediates have also been submitted to the registry).




BBa_K398014 - Medium-chain (C5-C13) alkane conversion (alkB)

Our medium-chain hydrocarbon degrading strain contains the alkane hydroxylase (AH) native to Gordonia sp. TF6 [1]. This system facilitates the initial oxidation step of C5-C13 alkanes along with that of C5-C8 cycloalkanes towards their respective alcohols. Based on the literature on this topic [5] it is expected that the in-house mechanism of E.coli will be able to further degrade the products of this pathway.

The AH construct consists of the sequences encoding for:

  • Alkane 1-monooxygenase (alkB2); an integral cytoplasmic membrane monooxygenase of which homologs have been reported for varying genus and species. This is the catalytic component of the AH system and as such oxidizes (cyclo)alkanes to their respective (cyclo)alkanols by transferring one oxygen atom from molecular oxygen to the alkane.
  • Rubredoxin reductase (rubB); catalyzes the reduction of the second oxygen atom released from molecular oxygen using electrons supplied by NADH.
  • Rubredoxin (rubA3); facilitates the transfer of electrons from NADH to rubredoxin reductase.
  • Rubredoxin (rubA4); an electron-carrier protein required by the AH system.

The AH construct was designed to harbor all four of the required coding sequences -each behind its own RBS region- sharing a constitutive promoter.

View this part in the parts registry

BBa K398014 AlkB2 RubA3 RubA4 RubR.png

BBa_K398017 - Long-chain (C15-C36) alkane conversion (ladA)

For the first step in the long-chain alkane degradation pathway ladA was implemented [2]; a flavoprotein alkane monooxygenase native to Geobacillus thermodinitrificans NG-80-2. It has been found to specifically oxidize the terminal regions of alkanes ranging from C15 up to at least C36. The product is the corresponding primary alkanol. LadA forms a catalytic complex with flavin mononucleotide (FMN) which utilizes dioxygen to insert an oxygen atom into the substrate.

The general catalytic function involves three chemical processes:

  • Reduction of the cofactor flavin mononucleotide (FMN to FMNH2) by NAD(P)H
  • Reaction of FMNH2 with O2
  • Binding, orienting, and activating the substrate for its oxygenation

LadA's ability to preferentially capture long-chain alkanes for oxidation sets it apart from other flavoprotein monooxygenases.

View this part in the parts registry

TUDelft BBa K398017.png

BBa_K398018 - Medium-chain alkanol conversion (ADH)

The following step in the oxidation pathway is catalyzed by a zinc-independent alcohol dehydrogenase from Geobacillus thermoleovorans B23; a thermophilic bacterium [3]. The enzyme converts medium-chain alkanols into their respective alkanals by reduction of NAD into NADH.

View this part in the parts registry

TUDelft BBa K398018.png

BBa_K398029 and BBa_K398030 - Medium-chain alkanal conversion (ALDH)

For the final step in the medium-chain oxidation the aldehyde dehydrogenase from the thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans B23 is implemented. It functions as an octamer, requiring NAD+ as coenzyme. The optimum condition for activity lies at temperatures between 50 and 55 degrees Celsius and a pH of 10 [4].

View BBa_K398029 in the parts registry

View BBa_K398030 in the parts registry

TUDelft ALDH.png




References

  1. Fujii, T., Narikawa, T., Takeda, K., Kato, J., Biotransformation of various alkanes using the Escherichia coli expressing an alkane hydroxylase system from Gordonia sp. TF6. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 68(10) 2171-2177 (2004)
  2. Liu Li, Xueqian Liu, Wen Yang, Feng Xu, Wei Wang, Lu Feng, Mark Bartlam, Lei Wang and Zihe Rao. Crystal Structure of Long-Chain Alkane Monooxygenase (LadA) in Complex with Coenzyme FMN: Unveiling the Long-Chain Alkane Hydroxylase. Journal of molecular biology, 376: 453-465 (2008)
  3. Tomohisa Kato, Asuka Miyanaga, Mitsuru Haruki, Tadayuki Imanaka, Masaaki Morikawa & Shigenori Kanaya. Gene Cloning of an Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Thermophilic Alkane-Degrading Bacillus thermoleovorans B23. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 91(1):100-102 (2001)
  4. Tomohisa Kato, Asuka Miyanaga, Shigenori Kanaya, Masaaki Morikawa. Gene cloning and characterization of an aldehyde dehydrogenase from long-chain alkane-degrading Geobacillus thermoleovorans B23. Extremophiles 14:33-39 (2010)
  5. Sulzenbacher, G., et al., Crystal structure of E-coli alcohol dehydrogenase YqhD: Evidence of a covalently modified NADP coenzyme. Journal of Molecular Biology 342(2):489-502 (2004)
  6. http://mbel.kaist.ac.kr/lab/research/protein_en1.html
  7. Hoffmann F. and Rinas U. Stress Induced by Recombinant Protein Production in Escherichia coli Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, Vol. 89, pp. 73-92.(2004)


CharacterizationResultsParts