http://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&feed=atom&action=historyTeam:Freiburg Bioware/Safety - Revision history2024-03-28T08:20:47ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=207193&oldid=prevAchim at 03:22, 28 October 20102010-10-28T03:22:20Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Unfortunately, national warfare programs are not the only source of danger when considering biological warfare. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Unfortunately, national warfare programs are not the only source of danger when considering biological warfare. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><blockquote>"An increasing number of countries believe that their political and security interests could be protected or achieved only through the possession of such weapons, especially in view of the overwhelming superiority of the US armed forces in terms of conventional weapons."<a href=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12789408><sup>22</sup></a></blockquote> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><blockquote>"An increasing number of countries believe that their political and security interests could be protected or achieved only through the possession of such weapons, especially in view of the overwhelming superiority of the US armed forces in terms of conventional weapons."<a href=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12789408><sup>22</sup></a></blockquote> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Several countries around the globe are technically capable to develop biological weapons or to support terroristic groups in doing so. When this physical capability meets an ideological attitude that is based on contempt for other concepts of society, it cannot be ruled out that biological warfare is taken into consideration. <br></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Several countries around the globe are technically capable to develop biological weapons or to support terroristic groups in doing so. When this physical capability meets an ideological attitude that is based on contempt for other concepts of society, it cannot be ruled out that biological warfare is taken into consideration. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br></ins><br></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Synthetic Biology vs. Nuclear Research - Consideration in terms of security policy<h3> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Synthetic Biology vs. Nuclear Research - Consideration in terms of security policy<h3> </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The implementation of these recommendations would be desirable, even though they might cause inconveniences for scientists working in the affected fields.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The implementation of these recommendations would be desirable, even though they might cause inconveniences for scientists working in the affected fields.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><h2>Conclusion</h2></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Concluding all factors mentioned above, we need to consider the possibility that a person, organization or state could misuse the fast-advancing life sciences for biological warfare. The possibilities and the simplicity of dual-use research misuse will become more and easier the faster the scientific progress advances.<br></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Therefore it is important to minimize these potential risks before they become reality. This is not only the task of a designated group but a moral obligation for scientists, politicians and everybody related to dual-use research. Especially scientists have to contribute to and lead the continuing discussion on this topic because they are able to estimate how aspects of their research fields might be misused.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>did neither investigate possibilities to shield the vector from the</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>did neither investigate possibilities to shield the vector from the</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>immune system of potential host nor ways to bypass an existing</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>immune system of potential host nor ways to bypass an existing</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>immunity. </p></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>immunity.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Concluding all factors mentioned above, we need to consider the possibility that a person, organization or state could misuse the fast-advancing life sciences for biological warfare. The possibilities and the simplicity of dual-use research misuse will become more and easier the faster the scientific progress advances.<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Therefore it is important to minimize these potential risks before they become reality. This is not only the task of a designated group but a moral obligation for scientists, politicians and everybody related to dual-use research. Especially scientists have to contribute to and lead the continuing discussion on this topic because they are able to estimate how aspects of their research fields might be misused.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></p></div></td></tr>
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</table>Achimhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=207053&oldid=prevAchim at 03:19, 28 October 20102010-10-28T03:19:09Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Unfortunately, national warfare programs are not the only source of danger when considering biological warfare. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Unfortunately, national warfare programs are not the only source of danger when considering biological warfare. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><blockquote>"An increasing number of countries believe that their political and security interests could be protected or achieved only through the possession of such weapons, especially in view of the overwhelming superiority of the US armed forces in terms of conventional weapons."<a href=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12789408><sup>22</sup></a></blockquote> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><blockquote>"An increasing number of countries believe that their political and security interests could be protected or achieved only through the possession of such weapons, especially in view of the overwhelming superiority of the US armed forces in terms of conventional weapons."<a href=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12789408><sup>22</sup></a></blockquote> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Several countries around the globe are technically capable to develop biological weapons or to support terroristic groups in doing so. When this physical capability meets an ideological attitude that is based on contempt for other concepts of society, it cannot be ruled out that biological warfare is taken into consideration. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Several countries around the globe are technically capable to develop biological weapons or to support terroristic groups in doing so. When this physical capability meets an ideological attitude that is based on contempt for other concepts of society, it cannot be ruled out that biological warfare is taken into consideration. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Synthetic Biology vs. Nuclear Research - Consideration in terms of security policy<h3> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Synthetic Biology vs. Nuclear Research - Consideration in terms of security policy<h3> </div></td></tr>
</table>Achimhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=207018&oldid=prevAchim at 03:18, 28 October 20102010-10-28T03:18:19Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>environment.<br></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>environment.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><br></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">center</del>></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h3>Availability of molecular biological techniques</h3</ins>></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h2</del>><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Broad avilibility </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">material</del></<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h2</del>></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">center</del>></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The knowledge required for the creation of a genetically engineered virus can easily be accessed from all over the world in online gene banks and publication databases and could be potentially be used for a destructive purpose </ins><<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16819443"</ins>><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sup>20</sup></a>. In 2007, Scott C. Mohr published the first part </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">his manuscript </ins><<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a href="http:</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/openwetware.org/images/3/3d/SB_Primer_100707.pdf"</ins>><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Primer for Synthetic Biology<sup>14</sup></a></li>. This open accessible document explaining the basics of molecular engineering addresses people interested in genetics but coming from a non-academic background. This development called "garage biology" or "biohacking" is a clear indication for the tendency to have knowledge about molecular biology available in society, as it was seen with programming and computer hacking from ~1980 on.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">center</del>></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Szenarios </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">attack</del></h2></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><h3>Availability of synthesized DNA</ins></<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h3</ins>></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">center</del>></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">One of the reactions to the publication of the genome sequence of the Spanish flu strain from 1918 was </ins><<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7065/pdf/438134a.pdf"> v. Bubnoff, 2005<sup>25</sup></a></li> who pointed out the lax handling of the reconstituted virus sequence, the ease of availability and the low effort that has to be invested to recreate a virus:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><blockquote>''"Scientists in Canada are planning to work with the virus, although they will not request it from the CDC. [...] Reconstructing the live virus from its DNA would then take just a few days, he says.''</blockquote></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Technical advances and dropping prices in the field of gene synthesis brings several deadly germs into the range of small research projects or even private persons as for example Spanish Flu (Influenza H<sub>1</sub>N<sub>1</sub>) with a 13.5 kbp <a href=http://expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/131.html><sup>*</sup></a> or even the Ebola virus with a 19 kbp genome <a href=http://expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/207.html><sup>*</sup></a>.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In 2006, the “Guardian” journalist James Randson ordered a 78 bp DNA oligonucleotide coding for the capsid of the smallpox <i>Orthopoxvirus variola</i> with the intention to alert the public.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jun/14/terrorism.topstories3"><sup>10</sup></a> <br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In the United States, smallpox are listed as schedule 5 pathogens in the <i>Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act of 2001</i> and are illegal to keep or use without first notifying the civil authorities.<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">On the other hand, it is questionable if these prohibitions or perhaps the size of the smallpox genome of ~200 kb <a href=http://expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/149.html><sup>*</sup></a> are sufficient to prevent de novo synthesis in the future efficiently. His intention was to focus the public's attention to the possibility that one of the most severe plagues in the history of mankind could be synthesized and released to the environment, either intentionally or by mistake. This would be a tragic setback since the smallpox's eradication was celebrated in 1979 by the World Health Organization as one of the greatest victories in the history of medicine <a href=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en><sup>33</sup></a>.<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In order to prevent the unauthorized synthesis of gene sequences encoding hazardous biological agents, efforts to implement sequence analysis algorithms into the operating procedure of all organizations and companies capable of synthesizing gene sequences are being undertaken.<br> <br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This barrier should be implemented not on a voluntary basis but as a legally binding regulation. It should be enforced by the government on a national level, but effort should also be made to find solutions for an international progress on this issue.<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As a first step, the development of search algorithms as Craic's BlackWatch<a</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">href="https://biotech.craic.com/blackwatch/introduction.html><sup>34</sup></a> should be promoted and refined.<br><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Additional to this sequence base search for possible misuse of gene sequences, each order of already existing or synthesized genes could first be aligned with a list of countries, and in a second search with the so called Hadex exclusion list that names people and organizations excluded from obtaining dual-use gene material<a href=http://www.idialog.eu/uploads/file/Synbiosafe-Biosecurity_awareness_in_Europe_Kelle.pdf><sup>1</sup></a>. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br</ins>></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The nature </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">biological weapons - Who is willing to accept their drawbacks</ins></h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When considering the use of biological means for warfare, a potential aggressor has to accept several serious drawbacks. Biological weapons are not fully controllable, harmful effects to the civilian population cannot be foreseen. If replication-potent germs were used for such a purpose, they could possibly mutate and seriously harm mankind or other animal populations.</ins><<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This makes biological warfare unattractive for most nations, especially because more predictable weapons exist that can easily be directed against military targets with limited collateral damage.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Unfortunately, national warfare programs are not the only source of danger when considering biological warfare. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><blockquote>"An increasing number of countries believe that their political and security interests could be protected or achieved only through the possession of such weapons, especially in view of the overwhelming superiority of the US armed forces in terms of conventional weapons."<a href=http:</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12789408</ins>><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sup>22</sup></a></blockquote> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Several countries around the globe are technically capable to develop biological weapons or to support terroristic groups in doing so. When this physical capability meets an ideological attitude that is based on contempt for other concepts of society, it cannot be ruled out that biological warfare is taken into consideration. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><h2>Synthetic Biology vs. Nuclear Research - Consideration in terms of security policy<h3> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When considering the history of research, the dual-use character of technical innovations has always been present, only the reaction of society to it differs from case to case. As an example, scientific discoveries in the field of nuclear physics where treated as classified information having a high relevance for the national security as shown in the case of the Manhattan project<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19784453"><sup>17</sup></a>. A comparable censorship is not established in life sciences research apart of some cases when national security was endangered.<br><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Another point concerning the threat arising from biological weapons is the absence of methods that can be used to monitor such weapons of mass destruction as pointed out by M.R. Dando. This fact and the increasing world-wide mobility would make it impossible to prevent the spreading of such weapons when once accessible to potential assassins. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><h3>Is a revision of basic research necessary in sensitive research fields? </h3></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The publication of research papers containing dual-use knowledge caused several people to call for regulation. In the United States, the so called Fink Committee evaluated the possibility that research in life sciences could be used for biological warfare purposes and how this could be avoided.<a</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">href="http://www.idialog.eu/uploads/file/Synbiosafe-Biosecurity_awareness_in_Europe_Kelle.pdf"><sup>1</sup></a><br><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This committee had two recommendations:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ul></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>To familiarize the scientific community with the dual-use problem in the life sciences.</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>To review experiments of concern. Experiments are of concern if they:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ul></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>render a vaccine ineffective</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>confer resistance to therapeutically useful antibiotics or</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">antiviral agents</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>enhance the virulence of a pathogen or render a nonpathogen</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">virulent</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>increase transmissibility of a pathogen</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>alter the host range of a pathogen</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>enable the evasion of diagnostic/detection tools</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>enable the weaponization of a biological agent or toxin</li></ul></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>To review publications with a strong dual-use factor</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>To create a National Science Advisory Board</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>To improve the oversight and reduce unauthorized accessibility of hazardous gene material</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>To include the life sciences into the efforts for national security</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><li>To harmonize the international oversight over dual-use research</li></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ul></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The implementation of these recommendations would be desirable, even though they might cause inconveniences for scientists working in the affected fields.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><h2>Conclusion</h2></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Concluding all factors mentioned above, we need to consider the possibility that a person, organization or state could misuse the fast-advancing life sciences for biological warfare. The possibilities and the simplicity of dual-use research misuse will become more and easier the faster the scientific progress advances.<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Therefore it is important to minimize these potential risks before they become reality. This is not only the task of a designated group but a moral obligation for scientists, politicians and everybody related to dual-use research. Especially scientists have to contribute to and lead the continuing discussion on this topic because they are able to estimate how aspects of their research fields might be misused.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><center></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><center></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Conclusion</h2></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><h2>Conclusion</h2></div></td></tr>
</table>Achimhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=202452&oldid=prevTimon at 00:29, 28 October 20102010-10-28T00:29:07Z<p></p>
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</table>Timonhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=198572&oldid=prevVolkerMorath at 22:12, 27 October 20102010-10-27T22:12:49Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>href="https://biotech.craic.com/blackwatch/introduction.html>BlackWatch Homepage | Craic computing<sup>34</sup></a></li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>href="https://biotech.craic.com/blackwatch/introduction.html>BlackWatch Homepage | Craic computing<sup>34</sup></a></li></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ul></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{{:Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Footer}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{{:Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Footer}}</div></td></tr>
</table>VolkerMorathhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=198559&oldid=prevVolkerMorath at 22:12, 27 October 20102010-10-27T22:12:08Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><li>34 <a</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><li>34 <a</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>href="https://biotech.craic.com/blackwatch/introduction.html>BlackWatch Homepage | Craic computing<sup>34</sup></a></li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>href="https://biotech.craic.com/blackwatch/introduction.html>BlackWatch Homepage | Craic computing<sup>34</sup></a></li></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>href="https://biotech.craic.com/blackwatch/introduction.html>BlackWatch Homepage | Craic computing<sup>34</sup></a></li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>href="https://biotech.craic.com/blackwatch/introduction.html>BlackWatch Homepage | Craic computing<sup>34</sup></a></li></div></td></tr>
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</table>VolkerMorathhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=194637&oldid=prevVolkerMorath at 20:06, 27 October 20102010-10-27T20:06:41Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><li>33 <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en"> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><li>33 <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en"> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Media centre - Smallpox | World Health Organisation <sup>33</sup></a></li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Media centre - Smallpox | World Health Organisation <sup>33</sup></a></li></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><li>34 <a</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">href="https://biotech.craic.com/blackwatch/introduction.html>BlackWatch Homepage | Craic computing<sup>34</sup></a></li></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">href="https://biotech.craic.com/blackwatch/introduction.html>BlackWatch Homepage | Craic computing<sup>34</sup></a></li></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{{:Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Footer}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>{{:Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Footer}}</div></td></tr>
</table>VolkerMorathhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=194092&oldid=prevVolkerMorath at 19:49, 27 October 20102010-10-27T19:49:48Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>href="http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines_02/Appendix_B.htm">Appendix</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>href="http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/guidelines_02/Appendix_B.htm">Appendix</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>B | National Institute of Health <sup>32</sup></a></li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>B | National Institute of Health <sup>32</sup></a></li></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><li>33 <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Media centre - Smallpox | World Health Organisation <sup>33</sup></a></li></ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>VolkerMorathhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=192012&oldid=prevVolkerMorath at 18:42, 27 October 20102010-10-27T18:42:46Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Darker Bioweapons Future | CIA ; 2003 <sup>13</sup></a></li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Darker Bioweapons Future | CIA ; 2003 <sup>13</sup></a></li></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><li>14 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Media</del>:Primer for Synthetic Biology <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </del>Mohr 2007<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.pdf]] </del></li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><li>14 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><a href="http</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//openwetware.org/images/3/3d/SB_Primer_100707.pdf"></ins>Primer for Synthetic Biology <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| </ins>Mohr <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </ins>2007 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><sup>14</sup></a></ins></li></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><li>15 [[Media:Freiburg10_The bugs of war.pdf]] </li></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><li>15 [[Media:Freiburg10_The bugs of war.pdf]] </li></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><li>16 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11152493">Expression</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><li>16 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11152493">Expression</div></td></tr>
</table>VolkerMorathhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=163348&oldid=prevMaxS at 17:40, 26 October 20102010-10-26T17:40:25Z<p></p>
<a href="http://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Freiburg_Bioware/Safety&diff=163348&oldid=163235">Show changes</a>MaxS