Team:Stockholm/Project Idea/Proteins

Proteins

Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)

Human soluble Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is a soluble cytoplasmic protein functional as a homodimer that binds copper and zink ions. SOD1 catalyzes the reaction O^-₂ + O^-₂ + 2H⁺ → H₂O₂ + O₂, protecting the cell from oxidative damage. SOD1 was first cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3889846 Hallewell et al., (1985)].

Gene (cDNA)		3D structure of human SOD1 in its dimeric form. Primary citation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20822138 Leinartaite et al. (2010)]
Length	465 bp
GenBank	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/38489879?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=22&RID=CAM83NYN01S AY450286.1]
Protein
Length	154 aa
Size	15,936 Da
Fasta	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/49456443?report=fasta SOD1]
First reported by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3889846 Hallewell et al., (1985)].

Yeast copper chaperon (yCCS)

Yeast copper chaperon protein (yCCS) is a helper chaperon specific for copper/zinc superoxide dismutase located to the cytoplasm. yCCS generates fully metallized, active SOD1 proteins that in turn protects the cell from oxidative damage.

yCCS has been shown to successfully mediate the delivery of copper ions to human SOD1 ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15358352 Ahl et al. 2003]). Co-expression of SOD1 and yCCS yields proteins with higher copper contents, leading to increased activity and more stable proteins.

Gene (cDNA)		3D structure of yCCS interacting with yeast superoxide dismutase (ySOD) in it's monomeric form. Ions indicated as gray orbs. Primary citation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11524675 Lamb et al. 2001]
Length	750 bp
GenBank	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001182535.1?report=genbank&log$=seqview NM_001182535.1]
Protein
Length	249 aa
Size	27,330 Da
Fasta	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/596088?report=fasta yCCS]
First reported by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9295278 Culotta et al. (1997)].

Human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)

Gene (cDNA)		3D structure of bFGF. Primary citation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20133753 Bae et al. 2010]
Length	468 bp
GenBank	(full mRNA) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/153285460 153285460]
Protein
Length	155 aa
Size	17,353 Da
Fasta	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/153285461?report=fasta bFGF]
First reported by <unknown>

Protein A, z domain

Genepart		3D structure of the Z-domain of Protein A. Primary citation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9325113 Tashiro et al. 2010]
Length	174 bp
GenBank	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2859152 2859152] (full protein)
Protein
Length	58 aa (508 aa, full protein )
Size	55,439 Da (full protein)
Fasta	[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P38507.fasta Protein A] (full protein)
First reported by <unknown>

IgG protease (IdeS)

Gene (cDNA)		Primary citation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15574492 Wenig et al. 2004]
Length	930 bp
GenBank	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6985687 6985687]
Protein
Length	339 aa
Size	37,977 Da
Fasta	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/209559219?report=fasta IdeS]
First reported by <unknown>

Cell penetrating peptides

These cell-penetrating peptides, (CPPs) may be used in N- and C-terminal fusions with full-length proteins to create transduction proteins with the ability to permeate the lipid bilayer of various cell types, making them potential gene or protein delivery vectors.

TAT cell penetrating peptide (TAT)

Purified full-length TAT fusion proteins expressed in Escherichia coli have been shown to successfully translocate into several human cell types, including all cells found in whole blood, as well as bone marrow stem cells and osteoblasts, while still retaining the fused protein's activity ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9846587 Nagahara et al. 1998]). The mechanism for transduction over the bilipid membrane is still a matter of debate, but has been suggested to occur through macropinocytosis, a specialized form of endocytosis ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17913584 Gump and Dowdy, 2007]). TAT is an 11-amino acid derivative from the Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) trans-activating transcriptional activator (Tat) ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2849509 Green and Loewenstein, 1988]; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9846587 Nagahara et al. 1998]). This part was back translated from the corresponding amino acid sequence and optimized for expression in Escherichia coli. Codon usage has been varied for repetitive amino acids to enable DNA synthesis.

Low molecular weight protamine (LMWP)

Enzymatically prepared LMWP chemically conjugated to ovalbumin (OVA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) have previously been shown to penetrate the lipid bilayer of human keratinocytes, as well as to successfully permeate mouse skin epidermis ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20232417 Huang et al., 2010]). Furthermore, LMWP/pDNA complexes can efficiently penetrate into human embryonic kidney cells ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12898639 Park et al., 2003]). As LMWP has been shown to be neither toxic nor immunogenic ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11741268 Chang et al. a, 2001]; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11741269 Chang et al. b, 2001]; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11741270 Lee et al., 2001]), it may be used as a potential vaccine, drug or gene delivery vector. LMWP is a 14-amino acid derivative from Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) protamine, an arginine-rich protein that replaces histones in chromatin during spermatogenesis ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3755398 McKay et al., 1986]; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213181 Byun et al., 1999]). This part was back translated from the corresponding amino acid sequence and optimized for expression in Escherichia coli. Codon usage has been varied for repetitive amino acids to enable DNA synthesis.

Transportan 10 (Tp10)

Chemically synthesized Tp10 peptides conjugated to different cargo, including pDNA and protein, have been shown to efficiently penetrate the lipid bilayer of both human and mouse cells ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15763630 Kilk et al., 2005]). Membrane permeation is both energy and temperature independent ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11718666 Hällbrink et al., 2001]). The exact mechanism for penetration is still unclear ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17218466 Yandek et al., 2007]). Tp10 is a 21-amino acid derivative from the parent peptide transportan (originally known as galparan), which is a peptide chimera of the neuropeptide galanin and the wasp venom peptide mastoparan ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10930519 Soomets et al., 2000]; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8738882 Langel et al., 1996]). This part was back translated from the corresponding amino acid sequence and optimized for expression in Escherichia coli. Codon usage has been varied for repetitive amino acids to enable DNA synthesis.

Sequence		3D structure of transportan [http://www.dbb.su.se/Faculty/Lena_M%C3%A4ler/Structural_basis_for_peptide-membrane_interactions www.dbb.su.se]
Length	63 bp
Patent Application	[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0234183.html 20080234183]
Peptide
Length	21 aa
Size	2,183 Da ([http://www.scripps.edu/~cdputnam/protcalc.html calculated])
AGYLLGKINLKALAALAKKIL
Patent application by Hallbrink et al. (2003)