Background

Within the medical field, there is great interest in developing targeted delivery of drugs to specific regions of the body. Previous attempts have included sustained release formulations, biodegradable capsules and direct injection to the targeted tissue or region. One very promising proposal is the use of Outer Membrane Vesicles, OMVs, as a transmission method of various proteins and lipids to mammalian cells.¹ OMVs are spherical proteoliposomes secreted by gram-negative bacteria and range in size from 50-200 nm. They are constituted of the outer membrane discharged during bacterial growth and largely contain phosopholipids and periplasmic proteins.¹ One peculiar observation of OMVs is their inclination to exclude certain periplasmic proteins and amplify others.⁴ One such amplified protein is Cytolysin A, ClyA, a surface hemolytic protein found in Escherichia coli.³ The structure of ClyA is four α-helices with a β-hairpin hydrophobic head which localizes in the plasma membrane and a C and N terminus exposed on the surface of the vesicle.⁵ Through genetic engineering, other proteins can be attached to either the N or C terminus of ClyA. The attachments negate the hemolytic activity of ClyA³ and open the potential to create myriad signaling possibilities on the surface of OMVs.

OMVs present a strong opportunity to create an efficient transport system for tailored drug delivery. However, there is very little scientific knowledge about the movement of OMVs through the body or their intracellular interactions. We propose a tracking system of OMVs through the use of ClyA to observe their behavior and uptake in mammalian cells. We believe this can be done by displaying multiple ClyA fusion proteins on single OMVs. One ClyA fusion protein will present an antibody fragment to target specific host cells, and a second ClyA fusion protein will be attached, through biotin-streptavidin interaction, to a contrast agent for imaging. Since the chemical contrast agent cannot be attached to ClyA through genetic engineering, the high affinity biotin-streptavidin interaction provides an alternative stable link.⁶ The benefits of OMVs over present target delivery methods are that the vesicles are easily produced en mass through simple genetic mutations in E. coli, easily purified by ultracentrifugation, non-toxic to mammalian cells, and cheap to produce.² Importantly, we aim for this tracking system to shed light on the feasibility of an OMV drug delivery system adapted for any target antigen in a patient. We are currently developing the ClyA fusion proteins and the necessary components for important proofs of concept.

References

1. Beveridge, T. J. (1999). Structures of gram-negative cell walls and their derived membrane vesicles. J. Bacteriol. 181, 4725–4733.

2. Chen, D. J., Osterrieder, N., Metzger, S. M., Buckles, E., Doody, A. M., DeLisa, M. P., & Putnam, D. (2010). Delivery of foreign antigens by engineered outer membrane vesicle vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107, 3099-3104.

3. Kim, J. Y., Doody, A. M., Chen, D. J., Cremona, G. H., Shuler, M. L., Putnam, D., & DeLisa, M. P. (2008). Engineered Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles with Enhanced Functionality. J. Mol. Biol. 380, 51–66.

4. Wai, S. N., Lindmark, B., Soderblom, T., Takade, A., Westermark, M., Oscarsson, J. et al. (2003). Vesicle mediated export and assembly of pore-forming oligomers of the enterobacterial ClyA cytotoxin. Cell. 115, 25–35.

5. Wallace, A. J., Stillman, T. J., Atkins, A., Jamieson, S. J., Bullough, P. A., Green, J. & Artymiuk, P. J. (2000). E. coli hemolysin E (HlyE, ClyA, SheA): X-ray crystal structure of the toxin and observation of membrane pores by electron microscopy. Cell. 100, 265–276.

6. Wilchek, M., & Bayer, E. A. (1988). The Avidin-Biotin Complex in Bioanalytical Applications. Anal. Biochem. 171, 1–32.