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Using Recombineering to create a constitutive T6SS

The process for using homologous recombination to replace the T6SS native promoters is simple. We begin with a previously characterised fosmid (a large, single-copy plasmid based on the F' plasmid) which contains all the genes in our T6SS. Of particular interest is the fha1-tssA1 intergenic region containing the promoters. We transform this fosmid into recombineering strain E. coli SW102, which contains heat-inducible lambda phage recombinases and lacks the galactose metabolism gene galK.

Using PCR, we create a cassette containing the galK gene flanked by 50 bp of homology to the intergenic region. The lambda recombinases integrate the cassette into the fosmid. The transformants are plated on minimal galactose media to select for the recombinants.

A second cassette is created via PCR, this time containing our new promoters. In this case, we chose to use T7 phage promoters due to their constitutive expression and small size, making them easier to synthesize. The promoters are again flanked with homologous regions, and integrated into the fosmid. This cassette displaces the galK cassette. The transformants are this time plated on 2-deoxy-galactose (DOG), which is a toxic homolog to galactose. Cells which can metabolize galactose (that is, those with a functioning galK gene) are killed, while those without the gene are unharmed.

The final step is to transform the recombinant plasmid into a T7 polymerase expression strain, to allow T6SS constitutive expression.

Increasing target specificity of a T6SS E. coli strain.

Why induce tse2 expression only when a gram-negative pathogen is present?

A type six secretion system +/Tse2 +/Tsi2+ strain of E. coli could be administered like a traditional antibiotic after a pathogen infection by having a strain that constitutively expresses Tse2 and Tsi2. However, this would be a fairly brute force method of anti-bacterial comparable to traditional chemical antibiotics in its damage to the gut’s natural flora, and is only advantage over chemical antibiotics would be the current lack of Tse2 resistant pathogenic bacterial strains. If T se2 expression is induced by a chemical signal indicative of the presence of a pathogen, any unintended disruption of the natural gut flora will be limited to the area infected with pathogens, and the risk of Tse2 resistance would decrease. In addition, if Tse2 is only expressed when pathogenic bacteria are present, a Tse2+/ Tsi2+/ T6SS strain could be used in order to help prevent pathogenic gut infections, and could be a permanent member of the gut flora. Such a preventative strain could even be used against multiple gut pathogens by merely including multiple copies of tse2, each of which would respond to signals indicative of different pathogens.

3OC6HSL as a proxy for a pathogenic signal

3-oxohexanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC6HSL) is a small organic molecule produced by Vibrio fischeri as a quorum sensing signal. Quorum sensing is a pathway where every bacterial cell produces and excretes a specific signalling molecule. When a specific density of bacteria is present in a region ( a quorum), the level of quorum sensing molecules is sufficient to induce or repress specific genes in order to tune gene expression to an environment of high cellular density. In V. fischeri, 3OC6HSL permeates the cellular membrane and binds to the transcriptional factor LuxR, changing the conformation of LuxR in such a way that LuxR can bind to a DNA sequence within the Lux promoter, activating downstream transcription. While the 3OC6HSl-LuxR quorum sensing system is not present in any human pathogens, placing Tse2 downstream from a Lux promoter in a strain expressing LuxR does provide a good proof of concept showing that Tse2 can be regulated in such a way that Tse2 expression occurs only in the presence of a target bacterial pathogen( Figure 2). Many pathogenic bacteria do engage in quorum sensing. This system could be easily converted to express Tse2 only in the presence of a specific pathogenic species by changing the promoter and transcriptional factor. A major advantange of using the luxR quorum sensing system is that a well charactarized part containing both the LuxR transcriptional factor and Lux promoter already exists in the registry([http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_F2620 F2620]). This allowed for amplification from genomic DNA to be skipped, saving time.

Plan to use a F2620-Tse2 plasmid in Tsi2- cells to measure toxicity of Tse2 in 'E. coli'

Our initial plan was to tranform the F2620-Tse2 construct ( figure 2) into 'E. coli' cells not containing a copy of Tsi2. By increasing levels of 3OC6HSL in the culture medium of F2620-Tse2 construct + strains, one would expect to increase the amount of Tse2 transcription that would occur. By measuring relative cell growth in cultures containing increasing levels of 3OC6HSL ( this would be accomplished by measuring absorbance of liquid cultures at 600nm), one could get an indication of relative Tse2 level needed to cause 'E. coli' cell death. The toxicity of Tse2 could then be compared to that of other cellular toxins by replacing Tse2 in the F2620-Tse2 construct with other cellular toxins. Since culture 3OC6HSL levels is directly related to transcription from the Lux promoter, proteins that cause cell death only at higher 3OC6HSL are less toxic than proteins that cause cell death at lower 3OC6HSL concentrations. Characterization of toxicity of cell death proteins would allow for the correct choice of cell death protein for a given application.

Issues with building the F2620-Tse2 construct

Tse2 was successfully amplified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa genomic DNA. However, it proved dificult to place Tse2 downstream from part F2620 to form the proposed F2620-Tse2 construct described above. All of the transformants that were sequenced showed mutations, either in Tse2 or in the pLux promoter. The fact that so many transformations showed mutations implies that the leakiness of the promoter causes enough tse2 production to cause a significant selection pressure against Tse2 production, implying that even small cellular levels of Tse2 is enough to cause cell death. One transformant displayed a deletion within pLux(figure 3), and it was decided that this transformation be tested for Tse2 production in the presence of 3OC6HSL, as it was posible that this mutation may reduce leakiness while still producing Tse2 in the presence of 3OC6HSL.

phenotypic test of F2620-Tse2

If the F2620-Tse2 contruct was acting as expected, one would see cell death at high concentrations of 3OC6HSL, but cell survival when 3OC6HSL was not present. This test was conducted on MG1655 cultures containing F2620-Tse2 in pSB3k3, with cultures containing F2620 in pSB3k3 as a control. This test was conducted in a 96-well plate containing LB-kanamycin-3OC6HSL cultures. Each column of the plate contained increasing concentrations of 3OC6HSL ranging from 0M to 10,000 nM. 3OC6HSL was introduced into each plate via a concentrated 3OC6HSL-acidified ethyl acetate solution. The ethyl acetate was allowed to evaporate, leaving concentrated 3OC6HSL in the bottom of each well. LB broth and kanamycin was then added to each well. Each row was then innoculated with a small amount of a liquid overnight culture of either F2620-psB3k3 or F2620/Tse2-psB3k3 so that the final 600nm optical density was approximetly .01. Both the F2620-psB3k3 and F2620/Tse2-psB3k3 cultures were tested in triplicate at each concentration of 3OC6HSL, and one row was used as a blank measurement. The cultures were then grown in a plate reader at 37°C. Optical density readings at 600nm were taken every 5 minutes for a period of approximently 21 hours. The F2620-Tse2 cultures (figure 4) showed no significant difference in growth from the F2620 control cultures( figure 5) at any concentration of 3OC6HSL. This is consistent with the promoter mutation resulting in non-transcription of Tse2.