Team:Michigan/Oil Sands

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Revision as of 15:33, 9 August 2010

	Sunday	Monday	Tuesday	Wednesday	Thursday	Friday	Saturday
Week 1	-	6/28/2010	6/29/2010	6/30/2010	7/1/2010	7/2/2010	-
Week 2	-	-	-	7/7/2010	7/8/2010	7/9/2010	7/10/2010
Week 3	-	7/12/2010	7/13/2010	7/14/2010	-	-	-
Week 4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Week 5	7/25/2010	7/26/2010	7/27/2010	7/28/2010	7/29/2010	7/30/2010	7/31/2010
Week 6	8/1/2010	8/2/2010	8/3/2010	8/4/2010	8/5/2010	8/6/2010	-
Week 6	8/8/2010	8/9/2010	-	-	-	-	-

Oil Sands Lab Notebook

This team includes Ann Lesnefsky, Bryce Rajabian, and Kilho Lee.

6/28/2010

Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Antibiotic Resistance

Protocol for starting overnight culture from -80°C freezer
All protocols can also be found in the Protocols section of the Notebook

6/29/2010

Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Antibiotic Resistance

Protocol for making frozen stocks

6/29/2010 and 6/30/2010

Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Antibiotic Resistance

Protocol for P. putida KT2440 antibotic resistance

7/1/2010

Literature Review Napthenic Acids Composition & HPLC Analysis

Literature Review of the composition of napthenic acids in oil sands

7/2/2010

Literature Review of HPLC columns for analysis of napthenic acids

Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Antibiotic Resistance

Results

7/7/2010

Ann

Biobrick Transformation with Alex and Jennifer

Made CaCl2 solution, and 100 mg/mL amphicilin stock solution according to the media section of the wiki
Started an overnight culture of DH5alpha according to the heat shock transformation protocol
- A 12 mL culture was started because we were multiplying the protocol by 4

7/8/2010

Ann

Biobrick Transformation with Marc, Katie and Audra according to the heat shock transformation protocol

Started culture for biobrick transformation from over night at 2:30
At 5:00pm the cultures had overgrown to an OD600 of 1.2
- A a 1:3 dilution of cells was performed and the cells were allowed to go through another doubling period of 20 minutes
The OD600 was measured again and found to be around 0.500
the cultures were placed on ice at 5:30 and allowed to chill for 20 minutes
The washings were performed and the comp cells were resuspended in the residual CaCl2 only
The OD600 of the comp cells without the glycerol was above 0.3 therefore the comp cells were concentrated enough
The heat shock was performed for the following biobricks
- BBa_179015
- BBa_179005
- BBa_145001
- BBa_117008
- BBa_117002
- BBa_103006
The cultures were placed in the 30C shaker to grow up for an hour at 30C at 9:00pm
The cultures were plated at 10:00pm

7/9/2010

Ann

Biobrick Transformation with Josh, Prae, Charlie according to the miniprep protocol

After 9 hours of growing at 37C, the plates did not have any colonies on them
After 22 hours of growth plates that had grown had clear colonies
- The positive and negative controls grew out accordingly
- Only BBa_179015 and BBa_179005 had colonies (both from plate 1 and none from plate 2...)
  - BBa_179015 had over 100 colonies
  - BBa_179005 had 2 colonies
5 mL overnight cultures were started with 100 mg/mL amp at 8pm from a single colony on each plate

7/10/2010

Ann

Biobrick Transformation with Marcus, Bryce, Kilho, Josh, Charlie, Jeremy

Miniprep

Made frozen stocks from overnight culture of miniprep
Performed miniprep on BBa_179015 and BBa_179005
Measured DNA concentration with the Nanodrop
- BBa_179015-11 ng/mL
- BBa_179005-40 ng/mL

Digest

Ran according to the digest protocol in the protocol section
- Cut parts with EcoRI and PstI
Digested at 37C for 30 minutes

Gel

Ran according to the protocol in the protocol section
Used 8 well comb instead of 13 well comb so the samples were too dilute too see

7/12/2010

Ann

Biobrick Transformation with Jeremy

Gel

Reran gel from 7/10/2010
- Lane 1-Invitrogen 1 kb plus ladder
- Lane 2-Digested Bba_179005
  - Ran out of undigested Bba_179005
- Lane 3-Digested Bba_179015
- Lane 4-Uncut miniprep plasmid Bba_179015

We found that we successfully extracted BBa_179015, T7-GFP, because there were expected bands at 906 and 2079 as faintly seen in the gel picture above. No appeared for biobrick Bba_179005, T7 promoter, so this biobrick will be transformed again.

Biobrick Transformation take 2 with Jeremy

Autoclaved DI water for transformation and autoclaved sterile containers

to autoclave sterile containers fill with DI water and decant the water before you start the culture in the container

7/13/2010

Biobrick Transformation take 2 with Jeremy, Marcus, Josh, Kevin, Audra, Katie

Ann

Performed according to the electroporation transformation

Started the culture at 9:05am
Removed the culture at 12:05pm with an OD600 of 0.809
The OD600 of the comp cells were 1.2 after washing
The time constant for all electroporation were between 5.6 and 5.8 for the following biobricks
- Bba_K117008
- Bba_K117008 #2 (from resuspending remaining part left in registry in 15 uL of ultra pure water)
- Bba_K117002
- Bba_K145001
- Bba_K103006
- Bba_I719005
The cultures were allowed to grow in the incubator from 2:15-4:00pm
- The cultures started to clump after growing this time
100 uL of cells were plated on 100 mg/mL AMP plates

7/14/2010

Biobrick Transformation take 2

Ann

Electroporation Transformation

All of the transformation plates grew out! (minus the negative control of course)

This means we should do all transformations by electroporation from now on. Just check with the Lin Lab to make sure we can use the electroporation machine for a few hours before starting

Miniprep

Started overnight cultures in 5 mL of LB plus 100 mg/mL AMP
- The following biobricks were started from the transformation plate
  - Bba_K117008
  - Bba_K117002
  - Bba_K145001
  - Bba_K103006
  - Bba_I719005
- The following biobricks were started from the frozen stock in the -80C freezer
  - BBa_K719015

INPNC Biobrick part

We received the INPNC biobrick (Bba_K265008) from UC Davis 2009 team. THANK YOU!!!
It was shipped on LB plates in a pMA-SK plasmid from Mr. Gene in E. coli DH5alpha
Since this plasmid has AMP antibiotic resistance I am pouring plates today with Marc and Kevin with 100 mg/mL AMP resistance to streak out the culture tomorrow with Josh

7/25/2010

Biobrick Transformation of suface display and pBAD

Ann

Tonight I started an 8mL culture of E. coli DH5alpha in LB broth and place in the 30C shaker to grow out overnight

7/26/2010

Biobrick Transformation of suface display and pBAD

Ann

Electroporation transformation

Started larger culture for comp cell preparation in 40mL of LB in a 500 mL sterile container at 9:00am

At 11:30am the OD of the culture was 0.730 and the cultures were placed on ice

The transformation of the biobricks was performed for according to the electroporation transformation protocol listed under the protocol section

The biobricks removed from the registry are as follows

E0040 (GFP)
K157013 (linker)
I0500 (pBAD)

The miniprep of I79015 was used as a positive control and a negitive control was also run

The OD600 of the comp cells were not measured

All of the time constants for the transformation were above 5

the GFP, linker parts and the positive and negitive control were plated on 100 mg/mL AMP plates. The pBAD part and negitive control were plated on 50 mg/mL KAN

7/27/2010

Biobrick Transformation of suface display and pBAD

Transformation Results

The GFP and linker transformation worked and many colonies grew out on the 100 mg/mL AMP plates

The pBAD part did not grow out on the KAN plates. Upon further inspection this plasmid needs to be grown with IPTG to switch the origin of replication to a high copy above 100 copies per cell. Otherwise, another orgin of replication dominates that is less than 10 copies per cell and the antibiotic concentration of 50 mg/mL maybe too high. This transformation will have to be tried again

Miniprep of surface display

At 9:00am a 5 mL culture of the newly transformed GFP part, the newly transformed linker part, the ompA part transformed previously and the INP from the UC davis team were started for a miniprep in LB with 100 mg/mL AMP.

The modified miniprep protocol was used listed on the protocol section of the wiki to get a higher DNA concentration

At 9:00pm the GFP, linker and INP parts were miniprepped. The ompA culture had not grown out (b/c not enough -80C freezer stock was added) and a new culture was restarted at 11:00pm in 5 mL of LB with 100 mg/mL AMP.

Pouring Plates

More LB with 100 mg/mL AMP plates and LB with 25 mg/mL KAN plates were poured

7/28/2010

OmpA Miniprep

The OmpA culture grew out and was miniprepped according the the modified miniprep protocol at 11:30am

Nanodrop of surface display parts

The minipreped cultures from yesterday were nanodropped to determine the DNA concentration according to the protocol in the protocol section of the wiki

GFP: 47.8 ng/uL
linker: 33.2 ng/uL
INP: 41.8 ng/uL
OmpA: 49.3 ng/uL

Digest of surface display parts

The following biobricks were digested according to the protocol on the wiki with the enzymes listed below

GFP 1: XbaI and PstI
GFP 2: EcoRI and XbaI
INP 1: EcoRI and SpeI
INP 2: SpeI and PstI
Linker 1: XbaI and PstI
Linker 2: SpeI and PstI
OmpA 1: EcoRI and SpeI
OmpA 2: SpeI and PstI

Gel of Digest for surface display parts

A gel was run of the above digest with uncut plasmid as a control

Lane 1: invitrogen 1 kb plus ladder
Lane 2: GFP cut with XbaI and PstI (GFP: 720 bp Backbone: 2079 bp)
Lane 3: GFP cut with EcoRI and XbaI
Lane 4: uncut GFP plamid
Lane 5:INP cut with EcoRI and SpeI (INP: 924 bp backbone: 2550 bp)
Lane 6:INP cut with SpeI and PstI
Lane 7:uncut INP plasmid
Lane 8:Linker cut with XbaI and SpeI (Linker: 45 bp backbone: 2428 bp)
Lane 9:Linker cut with SpeI and PstI
Lane 10: uncut Linker plasmid
Lane 11: OmpA cut with EcoRI and SpeI (OmpA: 464 bp backbone: 2079 bp)
Lane 12: OmpA cut with SpeI and PstI
Lane 13:uncut OmpA plasmid

7/29/2010

Biofilm Assay in LB media

Started cultures of E. coli K12, P. putida (oilsands) and P. fluorescens (oilsands) in 2 mL of LB and grew in the 30C shaker overnight

7/30/2010

Biofilm Assay in LB media

Today we carried out the following biofilm assay protocol

@ 8:10am the cultures were started from the overnight
@ 10:00am the OD600 of each culture was measured to be
- E. coli K12: 0.8
- P. fluorescens: 1.2
- P. putida: 1.0
  - These cultures were overgrown but still used for the experiment

The results of this experiment are presented in the chart below

There is a large error in the P. putida strain because there was the largest variation in the OD 600 of the liquid culture which also resulted in a large variation in the CV OD 600 reading

We need to find a reference to compare our biofilms to. This could be either a strain that does not form biofilms or a strain that forms biofilms very well

Transformation of pBAD

Marcus and Alex tried the transformation of pBAD again according to the electroporation protocol with Ann's Notes

The recovery after electroporation was performed in 1 mL of LB with 1mM of IPTG added in order to have the pBAD part have a high copy number

30 uL of 1M IPTG solution was added to a 25 mg/mL KAN plate and spread with sterile beads in order to keep the high copy plasmid in the pBAD part while plating

7/30/2010

Transformation of pBAD

The transformation was successful and there were about 30 colonies on the plate. One colony was picked at 7:30 pm for a miniprep the next day and added to 5mL of LB + 25 mg/mL KAN + 1 mM IPTG and grown out in the 30C shaker

Another culture was started of GFP from the -80C freezer stock in 5 mL of LB + 100 mg/mL AMP for a miniprep. Both the ligations with GFP did not work, so as long as we are miniprepping and digesting we want to re-verify this part

8/1/2010

Nanodrop of pBAD and GFP verification

The miniprep was performed for the two cultures started last night according the the MODIFIED miniprep protocol. A frozen stock was made of the pBAD biobrick and placed in the -80C freezer

The DNA concentrations reported by the nanodrop are as follows

pBAD: 386 ng/uL (260/280=2.02 and 260/230=2.32)
GFP: 25.8 ng/uL (260/280=2.22 and 260/230=2.72)

The pBAD grew out very dense and when IPTG is added the copy number is over 100 so the DNA concentration was very high

Digest of pBAD and GFP verification

The parts were digested according to the protocol in the protocol section of the wiki for a 50 uL reaction volume

GFP #3 was digested with XbaI and PstI
GFP #4 was digested with EcoRI and XbaI
pBAD #1 was digested with EcoRI and SpeI
pBAD #2 was digested with SpeI and PstI

8/2/2010

Gel of Digested Parts

Lane 1: invitrogen 1 kb plus ladder
Lane 2: GFP #3 cut with XbaI and PstI (GFP: 720 bp Backbone: 2079 bp)
Lane 3: GFP #4 cut with EcoRI and XbaI
Lane 4: uncut GFP plamid (only 1 uL left so did not show up on gel)
Lane 5: pBAD cut with EcoRI and SpeI(pBAD: 1210 bp backbone: 4425 bp)
Lane 6: pBAD cut with SpeI and PstI
Lane 7: uncut pBAD (loaded very small amount into gel by accident)
Lane 8: uncut pBAD (loaded 1 uL of miniprep into gel)

We did not get the pBAD part potentially because the miniprep culture overgrew and the cells started to lyse their chromosomal DNA (resulting in extremely long bands in the gel). We will try miniprepping the DNA from this culture again letting the culture grow out for a shorter amount of time before the miniprep

flu primers

Primers were ordered today to amplify the flu operon of E. coli K12 by colony PCR

8/3/2010

Minimal Media Recipes

Minimal media was mixed today according to the following recipes (also found in the media recipe section of the notebooks)

Culturing Bacteria in Naphthenic Acids (NA's)

The following 9 cultures were started to test bacteria growth in NA media

Negitive Control (to make sure all strains grow in this minimal media)
- E. coli K12 in Bushnell-Haas minimal media supplemented with glucose
- P. putida oil sands in Bushnell-Haas minimal media supplemented with glucose
- P. flourescens oil sands in Bushnell-Haas minimal media supplemented with glucose
NA media
- E. coli K12 in Bushnell-Haas minimal media supplemented with cyclohexane carboxylic acid (120 mg/L concentration)
- P. putida oil sands in Bushnell-Haas minimal media supplemented with cyclohexane carboxylic acid (120 mg/L concentration)
- P. flourescens oil sands in Bushnell-Haas minimal media supplemented with cyclohexane carboxylic acid (120 mg/L concentration)
pH adjusted NA media
- E. coli K12 in Bushnell-Haas minimal media supplemented with cyclohexane carboxylic acid (120 mg/L concentration) pH adjusted between 8 and 9
- P. putida oil sands in Bushnell-Haas minimal media supplemented with cyclohexane carboxylic acid (120 mg/L concentration)pH adjusted between 8 and 9
- P. flourescens oil sands in Bushnell-Haas minimal media supplemented with cyclohexane carboxylic acid (120 mg/L concentration)pH adjusted between 8 and 9

1 mL of the above media was added to a 15 mL falcon tube and innoculated with -80C freezer stock of each culture and grown in the 30C shaker (psuedomonas strains are temperature sensitive). The cultures were started at 7:30 pm

8/4/2010

Culturing Bacteria in Naphthenic Acids (NA's)

At 12:30 pm the OD600 of the cultures started yesterday were measured and are listed below. These results must be taken with a grain of salt because the cultures were started from the -80C freezer stock with different amounts of innoculum

P. putida BH-glu: 0.244
P. putida BH-CHCA: 0.0245
P. putida BH-CHCA pH 9: 0.033
P. flourescens BH-glu: 0.396
P. flourescens BH-CHCA: 0.219
P. flourescens BH-CHCA pH9: 0.417
E. coli K12 BH-glu: 0.017
E. coli K12 BH-CHCA: 0.016
E. coli K12 BH-CHCA pH9: 0.0325

P. flourescens oilsand seems to love this medium and grew out very dense! P. putida oilsand showed signs of starting to grow. E. coil K12 did not grow at all and dead cells pellets appeared on the bottom of the culture flask

From these results we can go ahead and start cultures for the biofilm assay experiment, and time the cultures so they all become dense on around the same day. If all cultures are started 24 hours in advanced they all should saturate by the next day.

The E. coli K12 and P. putida oilsands cultures were placed back in the 30C shaker to keep growing. By 9:30pm the P. putida oilsands cultures had saturated and the E. coli K12 cultures had still not grown

As a control for the biofilm assay E. coli K12 will be grown in M9 minimal media with glucose as a carbon source with and without casamino acids. We will not attempt to grow E. coli K12 in Bushnell-Haas media.

Measuring pH of Bushnell-Haas minial media with cyclohexane carboxylic acid adjusted to pH 9

Today Marc showed us how to use the pH meter in the Lin Lab. Yesterday the pH of the media was estimated by pH paper to be between 8 and 9. The actual pH of the media is 7.35. The pH of the already adjusted media from yesterday was increased by added more 250 uL of 0.1 M NaOH to 5mL of BH CHCA media and the pH ready 7.6 using the pH probe. Another 250 uL of NaOH was added to this mixutre and the pH read 8.8 using the pH probe. pH paper was dotted using this mixture to see the exact color it should turn when the pH is close to 9 (the paper looks more blue than green when the dot first appears).

A more concentrated NaOH sterilized stock solution needs to be made so when NaOH is added to the media the salts are not diluted

Bacterial Growth in pH of 9

After determining that 1mL of the supposedly adready adjusted BH-CHCA media needed 100 uL of 0.1 M NaOH soultion per mL to really be close to a pH of 9, new overnight cultures were started of the two pseudomonas oilsand strains in the 1 mL of the BH-CHCA pH adjusted media from yesterday adding an additional 100 uL of 0.1 M NaOH. These two cultures were placed in the 30C shaker to grow out overnight at 8:30 pm.

Miniprep of pBAD take 2

At 10:45 pm a 5 mL culture of the pBAD biobrick was started from the -80C freezer stock in LB + 25 mg/mL KAN + 1 mM IPTG for a miniprep tomorrow morning

PCR of flu operon of E. coli K12

The primers ordered on Monday came in today!

PCR reagents were picked up from the life science store

dNTP's
- These dNTP's came in four seperate containers individually in a 100 mM solution. The following recipe was used to make the 10 mM dNTP mixture
  - 100 uL of 100 mM dATP
  - 100 uL of 100 mM dTTP
  - 100 uL of 100 mM dGTP
  - 100 uL of 100 mM dCTP
  - 600 uL of ultra pure water
Phusion High Fidelity Polymerase
- comes with buffer
- used to amplify long pieces of DNA
50 rxn PCR purification kit

The PCR was run according to the following colony PCR protocol

The final annealing cycle for 10 minutes at 72 C was accidentally added in the last 30 cycle loop. This mistake was caught after 3 cycles and the PCR was stopped, the program fixed and the reaction restarted.

Gel of flu colony PCR

The following gel was run in a 0.7% agarose gel at 85V according to the protocol on the wiki

For the first 5 cycles the annealing temperature was lowered to the Tm of the 16 or 18 bp that was complementary to the E. coli K12 template. A gradient of temperature was run for the annealing temperatures of the first five cylces as labeled in the gel

8/5/2010

Bacterial Growth at pH 9

At 9:00am the two cultures started in the BH-CHCA with the pH actually adjusted to around 9 was checked. Both P. putida oilsands and P. fluorescens oilsands showed slight signs of growth. Later in the day at3:30 pm the cultures are denser were denser and the OD600 of the culture is:

P. putida oilsands: 0.065
P. fluorescens oilsands: 0.433

It should be noted some of the salts precipitated out of solution in the 1 mL cultures

Miniprep of pBAD take 2

The miniprep was started at 8:45am. After 10 hours of growth the culture was saturated and the miniprep started according to the modified miniprep protocol.

Nanodrop of pBAD take 2

The concentration of the pBAD promoter miniprepped earlier today is 418 ng/uL. It is most likely still contaminated with this high concentration but we will digest it and run a gel to check anyways

Digest of pBAD take 2

the digest was performed according to the digest protocol in the protocol section of the wiki

pBAD #3 was digested with EcoRI and SpeI pBAD #4 was digested with SpeI and PstI

PCR of flu operon

The PCR of the flu operon was repeated 3 more times at higher annealing temperatures because this showed to have less unspecific product (shown by the gel from yesterday)according to this modified colony PCR protocol. The volume of the reactions were increased to 50 uL to do a PCR purification step afterwards.

Gel of flu operon PCR and pBAD promoter digest

The gel ran exactly the same for the pBAD promoter as on 8/2/2010. The sample is probably contaminated and a new colony should be picked from the transformation plate and screened.

Also, no bands appeared for the flu PCR. One error might be because we did not include an initial cell lysis step. The PCR will be tried again tomorrow

Biofilm assay in minimal media

Cultures were started according to the following biofilm assay protocol to inoculate the microplate for the biofilm assay tomorrow.

8/6/2010

PCR of flu take 3

The first PCR of the flu operon was repeated with an added cell lysis step according to the following modified protocol

Gel of PCR of flu take 3

Invitrogen 1 kb plus ladder

Due to the unspecific product the flu operon will be purified with gel purification

Biofilm Assay

The OD600 of the cultures started yesterday are listed below along with the volume for resuspension after 1 mL of culture was pelleted:

	OD600	Volume for resuspension (uL)
E. coli K12 LB	0.914	228
P. putida KT2440 LB	1.168	292
P. putida oilsands LB	1.119	280
P. fluorescens oilsands LB	1.283	321
E. coli K12 M9 minimal media plus glucose	0.391	98
P. putida KT2440 Bushnell-Hass media plus glucose	0.545	136
P. putida oilsands Bushnell-Hass media plus glucose	0.385	96
P. fluorescens oilsands Bushnell-Hass media plus glucose	0.504	126
E. coli K12 M9 minimal media plus glucose plus casamino acids	0.814	204
P. putida KT2440 Bushnell-Hass media plus glucose plus casamino acids	1.185	296
P. putida oilsands Bushnell-Hass media plus glucose plus casamino acids	1.121	280
P. fluorescens oilsands Bushnell-Hass media plus glucose plus casamino acids	1.191	298
P. putida KT2440 Bushnell-Hass media plus cyclohexane carboxylic acid	0.0345	8.6
P. putida oilsands Bushnell-Hass media plus cyclohexane carboxylic acid	0.144	36
P. fluorescens oilsands Bushnell-Hass media plus cyclohexane carboxylic acid	0.197	49
P. putida KT2440 Bushnell-Hass media plus cyclohexane carboxylic acid pH9	0.034	8.5
P. putida oilsands Bushnell-Hass media plus cyclohexane carboxylic acid pH9	0.002	0.06
P. fluorescens oilsands Bushnell-Hass media plus cyclohexane carboxylic acid pH9	0.199	49.8

Not all of the cultures grew out (P. putida KT2440 Bushnell-Haas media plus cyclohexane carboylic acid, P. putida KT2440 Bushnell-Haas media plus cyclohexane carboylic acid pH 9, P. putida oilsands Bushnell-Haas media plus cyclohexane carboxylic acid pH 9) The modified bio assay protocol was used to inoculate the microplate

The microplate was inoculated at 4:30pm

8/8/2010

Biofilm Assay

The washing and CV staining of the bioassay was performed according to the modified protocol on 8/6/2010

The OD 600 of the plate after the bioassay growth is shown in the following graph

The Crystal Violet OD 600 after staining is show in the following graph

The Crystal Violet OD 600 to OD 600 after growth ratio is shown in the following graph

The negitive control (E. coli K12 in M9 minimal media with glucose) grew one of the best biofilms contradicting what was expected. From here we need to find a knock out strain that is deficent in forming biofilms.

It is also interesting that P. fluorescens in pH 9 did grow out but did not form biofilms. We need a negitive control though to confirm this result

8/9/2010

PCR of flu for gel extraction

Because there are unspecific products from the PCR of flu, a gel extraction will have to be used to isolate the desired DNA

50 uL reaction volume for PCR was performed using 65.5C for the initial annealing temperature as shown in the following colony PCR protocol of flu

@@ Line 688: / Line 688: @@
 [[Image:8-8-2010_CV_OD_600_to_OD_600_ratio_graph.jpg|500px]]
+The negitive control (E. coli K12 in M9 minimal media with glucose) grew one of the best biofilms contradicting what was expected.  From here we need to find a knock out strain that is deficent in forming biofilms.
+It is also interesting that P. fluorescens in pH 9 did grow out but did not form biofilms.  We need a negitive control though to confirm this result
 ==8/9/2010==