Build (Gram Positive)

Image of kunkels overview, all steps in image format

Mutate DNA

Order Oligonucleotides

To mutate our wild-type gene, we used the Kunkel's mutagenesis protocol. Kunkel’s is a site-directed mutagenesis, requiring knowledge of wild-type sequences. After the desired mutation is modeled using [http://fold.it/ FoldIt], we order a mutation's oligonucleotides from [http://www.idtdna.com/ Integrated DNA Technologies]. Oligonucleotides are short segments of nucleotide primers which contain one or more mutations and will anneal to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) of a plasmid containing the CapD expression gene. The result should be a double stranded plasmid which holds the [http://fold.it/ FoldIt]-designed mutation.

Generate ssDNA

In order to anneal oligonucleotides, CapD expression gene ssDNA must be obtained by transforming CJ236 cells with a plasmid containing the CapD gene. Colonies are then picked and M13K07 helper phage is introduced. The phage will use the cells to reproduce and copy the plasmid containing the CapD expression gene to daughter phages. The phage will produce one strand of DNA using reverse transcriptase, creating ssDNA. We use the Miniprep protocol to harvest the ssDNA from the phage.

Annealing to ssDNA

Received oligonucleotides are inactive, lacking phosphates which induce activity. Adding phosphates by kinasing them readies them for annealing to ssDNA. The oligonucleotide binds to a specified location on the ssDNA with a nick? where the mutation is.

Synthesize the Plasmid

Using DNA polymerase, the rest of the missing strand is synthesized. Finally the nick in the plasmid where the mutation is fixed, replacing the nucleotides on the ssDNA strand of the plasmid and completing the plasmid. Plasmids are then sent for sequencing by [http://www.genewiz.com/ GENEWIZ] to confirm mutations.

Grow Protein

Image of lac operon, lac inhibitor, capD gene

Transform E. coli with mutant plasmid

E. coli is transformed with our mutant plasmid.

Grow cells

Inoculated E. coli is grown in terrific broth (TB) until 600nm optical density reaches desired range.

Protein Production

By introducing Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), an allolactose mimic, we induce E. Coli to produce our protein. IPTG binds with the lac inhibitor protein and activates the lac operon, turning on the CapD gene and causing production of our mutant protein.

Harvest Protein

Image of how it bonds to the beads

Spin down cells

Using a centrifuge, cells and media are spun to separate cells from media.

Lyse cells

The supernatant (media) is emptied and the cells at the bottom are lysed open. The result is a slurry containing all the cell’s proteins and DNA. Lysis is then spun down and the supernatant, containing all the proteins, is collected. Among the proteins is CapD.

Purify cells

To purify the protein, we run the supernatant collected from lysis through a column containg TALON resin cobalt beads. CapD's designed histidine tags bind to the beads, whilst everything else flows through. Finally, the CapD is eluted with imidazole, a histidine without a backbone, which outcompetes the affinity to bind. The result is our purified mutant CapD.