Team:TU Delft/Project/solubility

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Hydrocarbon Solubility

Oil and water don't mix very well. [http://www.flickr.com/photos/pathfinderlinden/4709654036/sizes/l/in/photostream/ Photo by John E. Lester]

Spilled oil spreads rapidly in the environment. However, the hydrocarbons in the oil can't dissolve in the water and will remain on the water's surface or adhere to soil particles. A hydrocarbons such as octane will only reach a mole fraction of about 1.5 × 10-7 in water. This low solubility makes microbiological degradation challenging seeing as microorganisms will reside in the water phase. Nevertheless, a wide range of microbes including bacteria, fungi and yeasts are able to consume hydrocarbons, for evolution has equipped them with a variety of systems to improve the mass transfer from the hydrophobic phase.

These microorganisms have been found to produce biosurfactants. These proteins increase the surface area of hydrophobic contaminants in soil or water and thus increase their aqueous solubility and consequently their microbial degradation (1). The biosurfactants also enable the organisms to increase their hydrocarbon uptake.

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 ==Hydrocarbon Solubility==
-===Abstract===
+[[Image:TU_Delft_oil_in_water.jpg|thumb|right|Oil and water don't mix very well. [http://www.flickr.com/photos/pathfinderlinden/4709654036/sizes/l/in/photostream/ Photo by John E. Lester]]]Spilled oil spreads rapidly in the environment. However, the hydrocarbons in the oil can't dissolve in the water and will remain on the water's surface or adhere to soil particles. A hydrocarbons such as octane will only reach a mole fraction of about 1.5 × 10-7 in water. This low solubility makes microbiological degradation challenging seeing as microorganisms will reside in the water phase. Nevertheless, a wide range of microbes including bacteria, fungi and yeasts are able to consume hydrocarbons, for evolution has equipped them with a variety of systems to improve the mass transfer from the hydrophobic phase.
-[[Image:TU_Delft_oil_in_water.jpg|thumb|right|Oil and water don't mix very well. [http://www.flickr.com/photos/pathfinderlinden/4709654036/sizes/l/in/photostream/ Photo by John E. Lester]]]Spilled oil spreads rapidly in the environment. However, the hydrocarbons in the oil can't dissolve in the water and will remain on the water's surface or adhere to soil particles (1). A hydrocarbons such as octane will only reach a mole fraction of about 1.5 × 10-7 in water (2). This low solubility makes microbiological degradation challenging seeing as microorganisms will reside in the water phase. Nevertheless, a wide range of microbes including bacteria, fungi and yeasts are able to consume hydrocarbons (3), for evolution has equipped them with a variety of systems to improve the mass transfer from the hydrophobic phase.
 These microorganisms have been found to produce biosurfactants. These proteins increase the surface area of hydrophobic contaminants in soil or water and thus increase their aqueous solubility and consequently their microbial degradation (1). The biosurfactants also enable the organisms to increase their hydrocarbon uptake.
-The natural oil degrading bacterium ''Acinetobacter radioresistens'' secretes a complex of proteins and polysaccharides that have such an emulsifying capacity (4). One of the well-known proteins with emulsification activity is AlnA. Even when this protein is produced by other organisms, such as ''Escherichia coli'', it has been shown to have emulsifying capacities (4-5).
-To make this specific property available as an interchangeable part, we [[Team:TU_Delft/Project/solubility/parts|designed and created the AlnA BioBrick]]. We also developed an universal [[Team:TU_Delft#Emulsifier_test|emulsification assay]], which demonstrated that modified ''E. coli'' cells with our BioBrick had emulsifying activity of ?  The expressed AlnA was highly effective in solubilizing octane, ca.? g per mg of protein, corresponding to ? molecules of octane per molecule of protein. Unmodified ''E. coli'' bacteria had no significant emulsifying or octane-solubilizing activity. The inducible AlnA protein BioBrick is now readily available from the registry.
 * [[Team:TU_Delft/Project/solubility/parts|Parts]]
 * [[Team:TU_Delft/Project/solubility/characterization|Characterization]]
 * [[Team:TU_Delft/Project/solubility/results|Results and Conclusions]]
-===References===
-#'''Karanth, N.G.K., Deo, P.G. and Veenanadig, N.K.''' (1999) Microbial production of biosurfactant and their importance. ''Ferment. Sci. Technol.'' 77:116-126.
-#'''Sarraute, S., Delepine, H., Costa Gomes, M.F. and Majer, V.''' (2004) Aqueous solubility, Henry's law constants and air/water partition coefficients of n-octane and two halogenated octanes. ''Chemosphere.'' 57:1543-1551.
-#'''Head, I.M., Jones, D.M. and Roling, W.F.''' (2006) Marine microorganisms make a meal of oil. ''Nature Reviews Microbiology.'' 4:173-182.
-#'''Walzer, G., Rosenberg, E. and Ron, E.Z.''' (2006) The Acinetobacter outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is a secreted emulsifier. ''Environmental Microbiology.'' 8:1026-1032.
-#'''Toren, A., Segal, G., Ron, E.Z. and Rosenberg, E.''' (2002) Structure--function studies of the recombinant protein bioemulsifier AlnA. ''Environmental Microbiology.'' 4:257-261.