Team:Cambridge/References/ProjectBioluminescence/LightLevel

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=Light Output=
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{{:Team:Cambridge/Templates/headerMinimalprototype}}
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{{:Team:Cambridge/Templates/headerbar|colour=#96d446|title=Bioluminescence: Light Output}}
==Increasing Light Emission==
==Increasing Light Emission==
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*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12044905 Gene chimerisation to improve practical usefulness of firefly luciferase]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12044905 Gene chimerisation to improve practical usefulness of firefly luciferase]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17540326 Genetically modified firefly luciferase - the EPIC luciferase]
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17540326 Genetically modified firefly luciferase - the EPIC luciferase]
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*[http://www.springerlink.com/content/76q433v347503k17/ Bioluminescence Spectra of Native and Mutant Firefly Luciferases as a Function of pH]
==Relevant Physics==
==Relevant Physics==
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*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_%28unit%29 lumen] is simply cd*sr. It is thus the analogue to the Watt
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_%28unit%29 lumen] is simply cd*sr. It is thus the analogue to the Watt
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*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux Lux] measures how much light is incident on a suface, the Illuminance. It is related to irradiance (measured in Watts per m^2) but has been weighted again by the luminosity function. 1lux=1cd/m^2
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*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux Lux] measures how much light is incident on a suface, the Illuminance. It is related to irradiance (measured in Watts per m^2) but has been weighted again by the luminosity function. 1lux= 1lm/m^2 = 1cd*1sr/m^2
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*The luminance of an object is how much light is emitted from it. This is also measured in Lux, but it is different contextually.  
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*The luminance of an object is how much light is emitted from it. This is also measured in Lux, but it is different contextually.
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* A table of ambient illuminances. For our glowing bacteria to be seen from a given distance, they must be at least 1/20th of this value.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Illuminance!!Example
!Illuminance!!Example
|-
|-
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|10<sup>−5</sup> lux ||Light from [[Sirius]], the brightest star in the night sky
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|10<sup>−5</sup> lux ||Light from Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky
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|10<sup>−4</sup> lux||Total [[star#Radiation|starlight]], overcast sky
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|10<sup>−4</sup> lux||Total starlight, overcast sky
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|-
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|0.002 lux||Moonless clear night sky with [[airglow]]
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|0.002 lux||Moonless clear night sky with airglow
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|0.01 lux||Quarter moon
|0.01 lux||Quarter moon
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|0.27 lux||Full moon on a clear night
|0.27 lux||Full moon on a clear night
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|-
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|1 lux||Full moon overhead at tropical [[latitude]]
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|1 lux||Full moon overhead at tropical latitude
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|-
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|3.4 lux|| Dark limit of civil [[twilight]] under a clear sky
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|3.4 lux|| Dark limit of civil twilight under a clear sky
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|50 lux||Family living room
|50 lux||Family living room
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|320–500 lux || Office lighting
|320–500 lux || Office lighting
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|-
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|400 lux ||[[Sunrise]] or [[sunset]] on a clear day.
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|400 lux ||Sunrise or sunset on a clear day.
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|1,000 lux||Overcast day
|1,000 lux||Overcast day
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|-    * The Candela measures how much light perceivable to the human eye is being emitted by a source of radiation, the Luminous Intensity (or luminous flux. It is related to Radiant intensity (or radiant flux) (which is measured in watts per steradian) but has been weighted by a Luminosity function. This alters the power output so that it is proportional to the sensitivity of the human eye: Definition of the candela with respect to Radiant intensity. Therefore, an object which is black may be emitting a lot of radiation (measured in watts per steradian) but since it is not perceivable to the human eye it is emitting 0cd of radiation.
 
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|10,000–25,000 lux ||Full [[daylight]] (not direct sun)
 
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|32,000–130,000 lux||Direct [[sunlight]]
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|10,000–25,000 lux ||Full daylight (not direct sun)
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|-
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|32,000–130,000 lux||Direct sunlight
|}
|}
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*A [http://cvision.ucsd.edu/lumindex.htm site] containing luminosity functions
*A [http://cvision.ucsd.edu/lumindex.htm site] containing luminosity functions
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*To summarise, the luminosity function allows one to convert between [[radiant]] energy and [[luminous]] (i.e., visible) energy.
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*To summarise, the luminosity function allows one to convert between radiant energy and luminous (i.e., visible) energy.
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==Difficulties==
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==Inclusion Bodies==
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* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TCW-4D5X6SM-4N-1&_cdi=5181&_user=1495569&_pii=0167779988900650&_orig=search&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F1988&_sk=999939994&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkWb&md5=7b765deb78f66afdf695ef56af3219d2&ie=/sdarticle.pdf Inclusion Bodies in E. Coli]
==Human Vision==
==Human Vision==
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==Spectrum interpolation==
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* [http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-0233/17/5/S17/pdf/0957-0233_17_5_S17.pdf Radial-basis function network for the approximation of FBG sensor spectra with distorted peaks]
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* [http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~dhouse/courses/405/notes/splines.pdf Splines]
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==Source Code==
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*[[Team:Cambridge/ProjectBioluminescence/LightLevel/SourceCode|Outputting lux]]
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<html>
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</div>
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</html>
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{{:Team:Cambridge/Templates/footerMinimal}}

Latest revision as of 12:18, 7 October 2010

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