Team:Yale/Our Project/Methods

phsABC gene: Important part of anaerobic bacterial respiration/metabolism

• Studied since 1970's; several plasmids found (ie: phs pEB40, pSB103, pSB77, pSB107 etc)

• Thiosulfate reductase is a transmembrane protein involved in the second step of the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria pathway of thiosulfate reduction. Thiosulfate reductase catalyzes the dissimilatory reduction of inorganic thiosulfate to hydrogen sulfide and sulfite.

• 1995, phs locus of Salmonella chromosome located, sequenced, and confered H2S production to E.Coli.

– Sequence similar to reductases in other bacteria

– Later confirmed to contain structural gene for thiosulfate reductase

• Since before 1970 people have observed bacteria producing H2S. The earliest samples were taken from patients (Stoleru and Bouanehaud of Institut Pasteur, 1972 and 1975). Better yet, they showed that H2S production was mediated by a plasmid! A later study in 1978 by Jones et al of Texas Tech characterized another one of these plasmids, saw that it could be used in and transferred between E. Coli as well!

• In 1987 an extensive review was written collecting lots of existing research about sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In this broad review of SFB, it mentioned that sulfate reductases are membrane bound. Possibly useful for us, purified samples of thiosulfate reductase can also apparently be controlled, stopped in the presence of NADH , NADPH, and cysteine. Anyhow, the main development in this paper showed that thiosulfate-reduction ability is fairly common, usually used by anaerobic bacteria as an energy source (although some aerobic variants have been reported) and that one of the key players is thiosulfate reductase, which by this point had been isolated and had some characterization available. If required, there are lots of other sulfur-reducing pathways that are common as well, with a notable one being the reduction of tetrathionate.

• Perhaps not surprising, the same authors of the review paper actually in the same year published a paper on the phs gene mediating hydrogen-sulfide production! Better yet, this gene is not coupled to methyl-viologen, which is common in anaerobic bacteria! score! Of note, the authors write that the phs gene is not actually the structural gene itself, but instead codes for a regulatory protein important for the reduction of thiosulfate to H2S. This paper also looked at different ways to optimize H2S production.

• Something happened over a decade (particularly, see 1995 paper by Erika Barrett analyzing the phs sequence), because by 1999 a study from UC Berkeley, in Keasling lab, had the actual structural genes! In a couple of studies (1999-2000) they optimized the phs H2S production system to produce lots of H2S and remove heavy metals from solution! Optimization of their system is given in the slide to the left

• Keasling lab, used phs gene sequences transformed into DH5α for bioremediation studies (2000).

• • Optimized reading frame and plasmid for H2S production

• Optimized conditions for precipitation of metals • (zinc, lead, and cadmium)