Team:SDU-Denmark/project-p

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Our Parts

<groupparts>iGEM010 SDU-Denmark</groupparts>

Characterization of parts

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K343007

The part K343007 (from now on shortly called PS) is a generator for the SopII-HtrII photosensor from Natronomonas Pharaonis coupled to E.Colis chemotaxis pathway via the Salmonella protein Tar. This part's effect on the system is to make E.Coli phototactic, so that it becomes aware of different light conditions. So for characterization of this part we made examination of motility and motility patterns our first priority and plasmid stability and growth of the cells our second.
There is a wide range of motility assays for chemotaxis in bacteria, which meant that we had a broad spectrum of experiments to choose from, which just had to be tweaked for making them suited for the analysis of phototaxis. The two experiments we chose for analysing the effect of this part (PS), were growth of the bacterial cultures in semi-solid agar and computer analysis of swimming motility through video microscopy:

1. Growth of bacterial culture on semi-solid agar plates (Experiment 1):
The bacteria and plates were prepared after our own protocol, which you can find here: [1]

Since exposure to blue light should decrease the phototaxic bacterias tumbling frequency, the expected result was that the colony which was placed between the light and dark half of the plate would spread out in the darkness and would not move further when it reached the light. This is counter-intuitive, since decreased tumbling should lead to a longer distance traveled. What happens at the microscopic scale in semisolid agar is that the agar creates a matrix like structure where there are channels through the agar, which the bacteria can swim through. The decrease in tumbling frequency of the bacteria will make it harder for them to find the channels in the agar to swim through, which leads to them being trapped where they were placed. The result is that a colony which shows an increased run time, will look as if it it was non-motile on these plates. Our results showed exactly this; the bacterial culture had spread out to on the dark half of the plate and did not get nearly as far on the half exposed to light. This experiment was done with a normal wildtype MG1655 and a non-motile strain of E.coli, DH5alpha, as controls. As expected these cells did not show anything like the behavior described above, which indicates that the effect stems from the modification to our photosensor bacteria. These results were useable, but not fully conclusive, since there were some non-optimal conditions present in this experiment. We used ambient light instead of pure blue light, and the exposure to light for the multiple samples was not exactly even. Therefore we had to improve our experiment setup and see if we could reproduce these results with a more reliable setup.

2. Growth of bacterial culture on semi-solid agar plates (Experiment 2):

The experiment described above was repeated in a more controlled environment. This means that there were no changes as to how the plates or bacterial cultures were prepared, so we refer again to [2] in regards to how this was done. The difference lies in the setup of the light-controlled environment. What we did this time was that the plates was illuminated from above by a single light source in an otherwise completely dark environment, we prepared a cut-out so that the light would only hit one half of our plates and the other half would remain in the dark. Since the problem with the last experiment was that the light source was just normal white light (which contains a lot of different wavelengths), this time around we used an optical filter so that only light with a wavelength of around 470nm could pass through, which resulted in a blue light shining down on the plates. The light-source itself was a run-of-the-mill flashlight, with a blue light filter installed in front of the lens. To eliminate the effect of temperature gradients inside the incubator, the three samples were placed in a triangle formation in the center of the incubator.

Another deviation from the protocol PS1.1 is that the culture was inoculated at the center of the plate, instead one colony each was inoculated in the center of the light exposed and dark half respectively. This would give us more information on how the bacteria would behave when directly exposed to either the dark or light surroundings, instead of the gradient that was present in the first experiment.
From the results of the first experiment we expected the culture containing K343007 to spread out in the dark and not to spread when exposed to light. The wildtype bacteria should spread out evenly no matter if exposed to light or not and the non-motile strain (DH5alpha) should not move regardless of the light conditions. Our expectations from the first experiment were fulfilled, as the bacteria behaved exactly as expected. This made it possible to conclude that the photosensor has an effect on the bacteria's tumbling frequency, but if it does in fact reduce the tumbling is not possible to say, since both an increased and reduced tumbling frequency will look alike.

Left to right: MG1655, Photosensor bacteria, DH5alpha (left half was in the dark, right half was exposed to light)


After this we could conclude that the part had an impact on the bacterial motility, but we had to find out which. This lead us to our next experiment, which was intended for determining what happened to the tumbling frequency:

3. Videomicroscopy and computer analysis of bacterial motility:
To get an exact idea of what is happening to the bacteria when expressing the photosensor we decided on doing video microscopy of motile bacteria. The bacterial cultures were prepared acording to protocol (insert link). Wildtype MG1655 and DH5alpha was used as controls. The actual microscopy was done on a (insert name) microscope with an optical magnification of 1000x.
To be able to observe an effect in the modified bacteria we had to expose the cultures to light, which was done through the microscope's integrated light source, which could switch between blue, green and ambient light. To ensure that the blue light was at the correct wavelength the same optical filter that was used for the plate experiments was inserted between the lightsource and the microscopy slide. Since microscopy is impossible without light, we had to use red light as a replacement for darkness, the source of the red light was ambient light from the microscope's light source filtered through a red optical filter (about 580nm). This should not have any effect on the phototactic bacteria according to Jung et. al (insert reference!). The room where the experiment was carried out was kept as dark as possible, as to eliminate the chance of the phototactic bacteria being unwantedly exposed to light. The actual experiment was carried out in the following manner:

1. Expose bacteria to red light for 1 minute, while recording video.
2. Move to another spot on the slide, repeat 1. (repeated until 5 videos were recorded)
3. Expose bacteria to blue light for 1 minute, while recording video.
4. Wait for 30 seconds, for the bacteria to reset themselves.
5. Move the focus to another spot on the slide, repeat 3. (x5)

This was done with all three strains of bacteria.
An example of the results:


When played at real time speed these videos seem slow and not showing any tendency, though when played at 4 times the normal speed, the photosensor will seem to show slightly increased motility when exposed to blue light. Even though the bacteria displayed disappointing motility, we went on and did computer analysis on the videos by the help of the open source software "CellTrack". The paths that were mapped showed a longer traveling distance for the bacteria expressing the photosensor compared to the rest of the samples when exposed to blue light. We picked 10 bacteria from each sample, which amounts to 60 bacteria that were tracked. This is a rather small amount, but because of the time-intensive procedure a more thorough data analysis was not possible.

Samples of the tracked paths (from left to right): Photosensor exposed to blue light, photosensor exposed to red light, wildtype exposed to blue light.

This might indicate a decreased tumbling frequency, but the low motility of the bacteria, the inadequacy of the cell track software and the small amount of data analysed make results of this experiment unreliable and a new protocol had to be devised.

4. Computerized analysis of the bacterial motility with the THOR prototype by Unisensor A/S and the Unify software:
For this experiment we changed our protocol for cultivating swimming bacteria in order to optimize their mobility (insert link til protocol)
The machine and software used for the analysis are prototypes and still under heavy development. Because of trade secrets it is impossible for us to explain how the machine works or give a detailed explanation of it's mechanism until the THOR has reached production status. Simplistically said it is a very advanced video microscope, with which it is possible to analyse liquids and the particles inside in both 2D and 3D, while also tracking them over time. 2.5 ul of the bacterial dilution were placed on the center of the microscopy slide and covered by a coverslide. Afterwards the sample was sealed with mineral oil as to prevent a flow in the liquid. The data collection was done exactly as described in the previously experiment, with the exeption that instead of optical filters we used diodes that emitted light at the wanted wavelengths (500nm and 600nm respectively). Moreover we also recorded the bacteria's behaviour when exposed to a blue light gradient and varying intensities of light measured in milliampere. All the measurements were carried out on the modified phototactic bacteria and the wildtype MG1655.
The results look like these:



The bacteria that are not moving in the video are assumed to be sticking to the glass or coverslip.

K343005

UV-vis determination of beta-carotene production

In this experiment cells were prepared and harvested according to protocol [3]. This experiment was performed with four different strains of E. coli:

Wildtype Top10
Wildtype MG1655
Top10 containing PSB1A2 with constitutively active K274210
MG1655 containing PSB1A2 with constitutively active K274210

The measurements were performed on cells both in the exponential and stationary phase. The resulting graphs are presented below:



In order to assess the results, a series of standard dilutions of beta-carotene were made. The concentrations were 1mM, 100 µM, 50 µM, 25 µM, 10 µM, 5 µM, 1 µM, 100 nM and 10 nM. The standard dilutions were also measured on the spectrophotometer. The resulting graphs are presented low:



When combining the graphs of the samples and the standard dilutions, it is clear that the spectres are uniform. This similarity of the spectres indicates that the cells actually do produce beta-carotene. The graphs also give a qualitative indication of the amount of beta-carotene produced by the MG1655 and the Top10 E. coli cells. The resulting graphs are presented below:

UV-Vis determination of beta-carotene and retinal production

In this experiment cells was prepare and harvested according to protocol [4]. This experiment was preformed with six different strain of E. Coli: wildtype Top10
wildtype MG1655
Top10 containing PSB1A2 with K274210 constitutively active
MG1655 containing PSB1A2 with K274210 constitutively active
TOP10 containing PSB1A2 with K274210 plus PSB1C3 with K343005 both under a constitutively active promotor
MG1655 containing PSB1A2 with K274210 plus PSB1C3 with K343005 both under a constitutively active promotor
The measurements were preformed on cells after 20 hours of growth, because the first experiment showed none or little product produced in the exponential phase. The resulting graphs is presented beneath the text.

In the spectre a sudden drop at 320 nm occurs, this cannot be explained .
The graph also shows that some cell material interferes with the UV-Vis measurement at the retinal has the strongest absorption, because of this some organic separation might be needed before the measurement is preformed.
In order assess the results a standard dilution of beta-carotene and retinal was made and measured: 1mM, 100 µM, 50 µM, 25 µM, 10 µM, 5 µM, 1 µM, 100 nM and 10 nM. The standart dilutions was also measured on the spectrophotometer. The resulting graphs is presented beneath the text

The spectrum for the Beta-carotene looks normal and reliable, the standards for retinal however doesn’t look reliable. The spectrum for the three lowest concentrations appears to be give a wrong picture from the measurement.
The measurement jumps rapidly from nearly nothing to the maximum absorbance, this might be because the concentration of retinal is to low to be measured as a spectrum, but the concentration of the individual derivates of retinal might be high enough to be measured.
It might also just be that the concentrations are to low and something ells are influencing the measurements.
Because of the error in the UV-vis spectre concerning retinal detection in both the standards and samples the next characterization experiments is preformed on a HPLC.

K343004

The FlhDC operon is the master regulator of flagella synthesis. A more detailed description of the operon can be found here
In our system the purpose of the composite part is to hyper flagellate our cells so that a grater force can be generated in the microtubes. The FlhDC operon is naturally found in the E. coli strain MG1655 genome. We extracted the operon and inserted a silent mutation (T to C) at position 822 in the operon because without the mutation this site is a Pst1 digestion site and it would therefor constitute problems when assembling the composit part.
We have made three FlhDC parts:
K343100 is the coding sequence of the native FlhDC operon with the Pst1 digestion site
K343000 is the coding sequence of the mutated FlhDC operon
K343004 is the composite part containing the TetR repressable promoter (constitutive when no TetR is pressent) + RBS (J13002), the K343000 part and the double terminator (B0015).
The composite part is caracterized firstly by using a motility assay and secondly by measuring plasmid stability and cell growth.

1. Motility assay (Experiment 1 with WT and negative control):
Growth of bacterial culture on semi-solid agar plates
The pictures below show the negative control DH5alpha in the upper left picture, the wild type MG1655 in the upper right picture, MG1655 transformed with pSB1C3-K343004 in the lower left picture and MG1655 transformed with pSB3K3-K343004 in the lower right picture.





From the pictures above we can definately see that the bacteria containing our part is much more motile than the wild type. We assume thise is caused by overexpression of the FlhDC master flagella operon which leads to hyperflagellation of the cells.
The two buttom pictures show that bacteria with pSB1C3-K343004 have not moved as far as the bacteria containing pSB3K3-K343004. pSB1C3 is a high copy plasmid while pSB3K3 is a low-medium copy plasmid. The promoter in K343004 is a constitutive promoter (tetR repressable promoter). Bacteria containing a high copy plasmid with a constitutive promoter are more metabolically challanged than bacteria containing a low- or medium-copy plasmid with a constitutive promoter because of the higher number of plasmids per the cell. Therefore the high copy plasmid bacteria are less motile than low- or medium-copy plasmid bacteria.
2. Motility assay (doublicate with WT, negative- and positive-control):
Growth of bacterial culture on semi-solid agar plates
3. Stability assay
4. Growth measurment

Bielefeld brick K389016

We recieved a miniprep with pSB1C3-K389016 together with a list of experiments and characterization assays the Bielefeld team would like us to carrie out.
We transformed the plasmid into E. coli strain MG1655 and ran a colony PCR of four different colonies the following day. The picture below shows that cells in all four colonies contained pSB1C3-K389016.

Characterization

1. Growth assay

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