K343004

The FlhDC operon is the master regulator of flagella synthesis. A more detailed description of the operon can be found here
In our system the purpose of the composite part is to hyper flagellate our cells so that a grater force can be generated in the microtubes. The FlhDC operon is naturally found in the E. coli strain MG1655 genome. We extracted the operon and inserted a silent mutation (T to C) at position 822 in the operon because without the mutation this site is a Pst1 digestion site and it would therefor constitute problems when assembling the composit part.
We have made three FlhDC parts:
K343100 is the coding sequence of the native FlhDC operon with the Pst1 digestion site
K343000 is the coding sequence of the mutated FlhDC operon
K343004 is the composite part containing the TetR repressable promoter (constitutive when no TetR is pressent) + RBS (J13002), the K343000 part and the double terminator (B0015).
The composite part is caracterized firstly by using a motility assay and secondly by measuring plasmid stability and cell growth.

Motility assay

The purpose of this experiment is to test the motility of the transformed cells containing either pSB1C3-K343004 or pSB3K3-K343004. We also want to test if it makes a difference in the motility whether the bacteria contain low-medium- or high-copy plasmids.

For the motility assays we added 5ul of an ON culture to petridishes containing motility agar (LB media with 0.3% agar) instead of regular LA (Luria agar). This semi-solid media lets the bacteria swim more easily.
In the assays three control plates were made: A negative control containing E. coli strain DH5alpha which does not express flagella and therefore movement in the media should be minimal. A positive control containing E. coli strain H10407 which is a hyper flagellated class II pathogen, these bacteria should show high motility. And a wild type E. coli strain MG1655 that has about 4 flagella per cell these cells would be expected to move farther than the DH5alpha but not as far as the positive control.

The plates were incubated at 37 degrees celcius for up to 48 hours.
The assay was carried out three times. All three times pictures were taken after 24 hours and in two of the assays pictures were also taken after 48 hours. In two of the assays 8.5 cm petridishes was used, the purpose of these assays was to se if the motility of our transformants differed from the control strains. In the third assay we used 13.5 cm petridishes to oberserve the transformants swimming ability compaired to the wild type E. coli strain MG1655 since the motility of the transformed cells seem to surpass the size of the 8.5 cm petri dishes.

All the pictures taken after 24 hours are shown in the last part of this section while the pictures taken after 48 hours are shown and described.
WT, negative- and positive-control after 48 hours:

Motility of E. coli strain MG1655-pSB1C3-K343004 after 48 hours. Cells were grown in a 37 degrees Celcius incubator.

Motility of E. coli strain MG1655-pSB3K3-K343004 after 48 hours. Cells were grown in a 37 degrees Celcius incubator.

In all three assays we saw that the control plates containing no antibiotics were contaminated with other bacterial colonies. We also saw that the negative control has low motility but they are not immotile. After 24 hours the negative control has not moved much but after 48 hours the length from center to edge of the colony is 1.5cm. The wild type has moved a bit farther than the negative control after 24 hours and after 48 hours the difference from center to edge of the wild type is 2.5cm. The positive control moved about as far in 24 hours as the wild type did in 48 which and after 48 hours it had moved to the edges of the petridish (4.25cm). this was as expected because of their hyper flagellation.

The E. Coli strain MG1655 cells transformed with pSB1C3-K343004 shows that after 24 hours these bacteria have moved farther than the wild type and the negative control. The E. coli strain MG1655/pSB3K3-K343004 have moved farthest of all 5 cultures after 24 hours. This mortility pathern are observed in all three assays. The cells containing the pSB3K3 plasmid show a uniform circle whereas the cells transformed with the pSB1C3 plasmid shows a budding-pattern spreading from the center. After 48 hours the pSB1C3 cells are still not covering the entire plate.

Pictures of plates after 24 hours
Experiment 1.


Experiment 2.

Conclusion
From the pictures above we can see that the bacteria containing our part is much more motile than the wild type and the negative control. We assume this is caused by overexpression of the FlhDC master flagella operon which leads to hyperflagellation of the cells.
The pictures taken after 24 hours show that bacteria with pSB1C3-K343004 have not moved as far as the bacteria containing pSB3K3-K343004. pSB1C3 is a high copy plasmid while pSB3K3 is a low-medium copy plasmid. The promoter in K343004 is a constitutive promoter (tetR repressable promoter). Bacteria containing a high copy plasmid with a constitutive promoter are more metabolically challanged than bacteria containing a low- or medium-copy plasmid with a constitutive promoter because of the higher number of plasmids per the cell. Therefore the high copy plasmid bacteria move slower than low- or medium-copy plasmid bacteria. However, after 48 hours there was only a small different in the bacterias migration.

Phase contrast of ON cultures

The purpose of the phase contrast microscopy is to see if the transformants are visibly different from the wild type. Since the FlhDC operon is not only an important part of the flagella synthesis but is also coupled to cell metabolism [3], it might be possible to see difference in morphology caused by an alterations in the cell cycle.
Phase contrast pictures were taken of wild type MG1655, MG1655/pSB1C3-K343004 and MG1655/pSB3K3-K343004.

The pictures clearly show a difference in morphology of the wild type (picture 1) and the two transformants (picture 2-pSB1C3 and 3-pSB3K3). The wild type cells are small cells, while the transformants are obviously larger, which indicates a lower metabolism of the transformants. Cells with impaired metabolism divide slower and are larger than cells with normal metabolism (wild type), since it takes the impaired cells longer to reach the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.

Flagella staining

When the E.coli strain MG1655 are transformed with pSB1C3-K343004 an increased flagella production is expected. The idea was to get a quantitative measurement of the increased flagella production by comparing the observed number flagella on the wild type MG1655 and the transformant. We tried to stain the flagella using silver staining and afterwards examined the bacteria under the microscope. The staining procedure was started before the composite part, K343004, was finished so that we could optimize the staining protocol and become really good at staining the flagella. We started with staining of DH5α and H10407; A E.coli strain which do not express flagella (negative control) and a hyperflagellated E.coli (positive control), respectively. The bacteria were grown on agar plates ON and stained with this protocol FS1.2.

Unfortunately it was not possible to see a clear and significant difference between the positive and negative control. Though at some places it could look like flagella on the positive control but it was never enough to determine a difference. After repeating the protocol four times, each time with multiple samples, we decided to reject this method, and another approach for characterizing our biobrick was employed.

Silver staining of E. coli strain H10407 which should be hyperflagellated. However, no .

Silver staining of DH5alpha: a negative control

Scanning Electron microscopy

After the failed staning of the flagella we tried to visualize the flagella with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bacteria were grown ON in liquid cultures (5 ml LB-media). The bacteria were diluted to approximately 10^6 cells pr 10 µl solution. At that time we did not have our K343004 composite part so therefore we only tried SEM with the negative control strain DH5alpa and wild type MG1655. We did this as a preliminary work so we would be ready to do microscopy on the MG1655 cells containing the composite part when it was ready. Unfortunately the limited resolution and magnitude of the SEM at our disposal made it practically impossible to visualize any flagella in the microscope. Thus if this approach is to be used for characterization, a SEM of higher magnitude and resolution is required.
The pictures below are SEM pictures the negative control strain DH5alpha and wild type MG1655.
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SEM picture of DH5alpa a negative control that should not express flagella

SEM picture of the E. coli strain MG1655 wild type this strain of bacteria should express approximately 4 flagella per cell.However, no flagella are visable

Stability assay

To dertermine the stability of our pSB1C3-K343004 plasmid, a stability experiment was carried out according to protocol[SA1.1]. E.coli MG1655/pSB1C3-K343004 was grown in LB media without chloramphenicol, whereby no selection pressure is excerted on the bacteria. Dilutions of the culture was spreaded on LA plates and LA plates with 35ug/mL chloramphenicol, respectively, and the colony forming units (cfu) was determined for each plate. The cfu for the LA plates represents the total amount of bacteria in the culture, and the cfu of LA plates with chloraphenicol corresponds to the amount of plasmid carrying bacteria. The percentage of the total amount of bacteria carrying the plasmid was plotted in a semi-logarithmic graph as a function of number of generation.

Stability assay of E. coli strain MG1655-pSB1C3-K343004 showing that almost all cells have shed their plasmids within 20 generations, however some cells kept the plasmids for up to 40 generations. All data can be seen under Raw data

As seen in the graph, almost all of the bacteria had shedded the plasmid after 20 generations, suggesting that the plasmid is only stable within the cell for a few generations (<20). This is presumably due to the strain brought upon the bacteria by the plasmid. Thereby when the bacteria are carrying a high-copy plasmid like pSB1C3-K343004 it is to expect that the bacteria will quickly shed the plasmid when no longer exposed to a selection pressure. It is likely to believe that pSB3C5-K343004, since being a low-copy plasmid, will not excert as much strain on the bacteria, and might therefore be stable for more genrations than pSB1C3-K343004. Therefore a stability assay of this plasmid might be of interest.

Growth assay

The purpose of this assay is to see if our transformants deviate from the wild type in growth rate. In the growth measurement assay we have measured OD at 550 nm every hour for 12 hours and at hour 24. In the experimental set-up we used no lag phase was observed in any of the measurements. The graph below shows the growth of our wild type E. coli strain MG1655, the MG1655/pSB3K3-K343004 and MG1655/pSB1C3-K343004 respectively.

Growth curve of E.coli strain MG1655-pSB1C3-K343004 and MG1655-pSB3K3-K343004 compared with the wild type E. coli strain MG1655 showing no significant difference between the three curves. No Lag phase observed. All data can be seen under Raw data

From our data we see no significant difference between the plasmid carrying bacteria and the wild type. This can be said to be quite contradictory to our results obtained from the stability assay. The transitory stability of pSB1C3-K343004 suggests that it is highly unfavourable for the bacteria, wherefore it might be expected that the growth of the bacteria congaing this plasmid would be affected. Thus, however much a disadvantage the plasmid pose to the bacteria, their growth are not significantly influenced by the plasmid. The added reproduction load due to the plasmids, might also prolong the lag phase of the bacteria. Whether this is the case can not be concluded based on this experiment as no lag phase was observed in this experiment.

References

[1] Clive S. Barker, Birgit M. Prüß, and Philip Matsumura Increased Motility of Escherichia coli by Insertion Sequence Element Integration into the Regulatory Region of the flhD Operon