Team:Penn State/Project

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Overall project

The Penn State Team will be researching and experimenting two different ideas. The first area of study will be creating an oxygen-sensing promoter. This will be done through researching the way that FNR and arcA regulate aerobic/anaerobic respiration in E. coli; engineering applications will be applied to these processes. The second topic we are working on is Bacterial Fireworks, an incorporation of quorum-sensing and oxygen-sensing. Here is a simple example of a problem that our research with oxygen promoters and quorum sensing could solve:


Imagine a glass jar that is has been sealed off from the outside air. We want to be able to tell how good the jar is at keeping oxygen out using expression of an anaerobic fluorescent protein (AFP) in the bacteria as an indicator. To set up the experiment, the jar is filled with agar populated by E. coli which will consume all the available oxygen in a short period of time. The bacteria contains our plasmid which includes an oxygen-sensing promoter and quorum sensing genes. In the event that oxygen leaks into the jar, the top layer of bacteria react by expressing AFP.

Jar first.png

However, this is a weak indicator. If only the top layer of cells is fluorescing, it will be hard to detect a change at all! Quorum sensing solves this problem by sending a signal to all the surrounding bacteria that will cause them to begin producing AFP.

Jar before.png

In this way, only when oxygen-sensing and quorum-sensing are used together will the AFP indicator be a strong enough signal to measure.

Jar final.png

A reliable modular lysis mechanism through quorum sensing could be used in many different fields. As engineered microorganisms are becoming more widely considered for use in the open environment, concerns are growing about possible detrimental effects these microbes could have on ecosystems if they were ever to grow and multiply past expectations. A quorum-based lysis "safety" mechanism would only require one cell to receive a predetermined signal in order to eliminate the entire rogue population, should it escape the area of its intended use.

Project Contributors

Penn State iGEM would like to give a big thank you to those who helped us through the process of our project. We really appreciate the help the following people have given us:


Mike Kang
Mike designed the oxygen promoters that deal with FNR. With his help we were able to take his design and assemble the promoters.
Trip Garland
Trip designed the oxygen promoters that deal with arcA. Although, we did not get to assemble his designed promoters, they were a potential use for our project.
Dr. Leland Glenna
Dr. Glenna helped guide us in the process of designing our survey and also helped us with our statistical analysis of the results.
Mike Speer
Mike was the driving force behind our iGEM team to help us accomplish our goals while we worked in Dr. Richard's lab. Under his guidance, and tested patience, we overcame many obstacles to complete our tasks.

Project Details

Genetic Circuit

The Penn State iGEM team began work and research in mid May. After learning lab techniques from the grad students, we began researching possible topics. We decided to create a cell lysis device.


Initially, we transformed Lux Promoters, Constitutive Promoters, LuxI + RBS, LuxR + RBS, Lambda Phage lysis devices, Terminators, LacI, LuxR, pLac, CI, RBS, Pigments, FP, LacI + RBS, and CI + RBS.

Lux Promoters Lux Promoters Constitutive Promoters LuxI + RBS LuxR + RBS Terminator AFP Tet Promoters
K091107 R1062 J23108 C0061 K376010 B0010 K376004 R0040
K091146 R0063 J23116 B0012
J23100 B1006



LuxR cI RBS Pigment RFP + RBS LacI + RBS cI + RBS Tet Repressor Super RBS Anaerobic Promoters
C0062 C0051 B0033 K274100 E1010 J24679 K081007 C0040 K376001 K376002
B0034 K274004 P0451


Oxygen Sensitive Promoters AFP+RBS AFP Generators RFP Generators Constitutive LuxR Generators Tet Inverted Lambda Repressor
K376003 K376004 K376005 K376008 K376011 K376019
K376006 K376009 K376012 K376025
K376013


Here is an overview of our genetic circuit. Below, we will take a look at the function of each individual part in detail.

Genetic Circuit 5.jpg

Our genetic circuit is designed to initially be in an anoxic state. The goal here was to create a circuit with a very strong OFF during anaerobic conditions, and a very strong ON during aerobic conditions. Anaerobic fluorescent protein (AFP) is used as an indicator.

cI mechanism

cI mechanism

The Tet inverter behaves somewhat as a constitutive promoter when no promoter is in front of it. Following the Tet inverter is a cI coding sequence (which codes for the lambda repressor). The lambda repressor binds to the lux promoters in the front of the circuit, which are also lambda repressible. This, coupled with the fact that the conditions are anaerobic, provides a very strong "off" switch that does not allow the expression of the Anaerobic Fluorescent Protein (AFP) to occur.

FNR breaks apart in oxygen

FNR breaks apart in Oxygen

FNR can act as a repressor or inducer depending on its position relative to the RBS. In nature, an activated FNR dimer represses aerobic functions while inducing anaerobic functions.

In the event that conditions change to aerobic in our circuit, oxygen molecules break up the dimer formed by FNR, causing the FNR dimer to detach from the oxygen promoter. Assuming that the oxygen promoter used in this assembly is a repressor, the end result will be that the coding sequences following the promoter will begin to be expressed.

Ptet is repressed, and the positive feedback loop is switched on

Tet.gif

The oxygen promoter is followed by 3 protein coding sequences. Two of them are genes that code for the Tet repressor and LuxI (which produces [N-]acyl-homoserine lactone, or AHL). These two parts serve to strengthen the genetic switch once it has been turned on. The Tet repressor binds to the Tet inverter, causing the expression of the lambda repressor to be switched off. Meanwhile, AHL production resulting from the LuxI gene couples with the constitutively-expressed LuxR in order to activate the Lux promoter at the beginning of the circuit.

In addition, the Anaerobic Fluorescent Protein begins to be expressed at a high rate.

AFP expression ramps up

AFP.gif

Because both the oxygen promoter and the Lux promoter are turned on as part of the positive feedback loop, AFP is now expressing at a very high rate. This is also bolstered by the fact that that the Super RBS is in front of this protein.

The Experiments

Oxygen Sensor

The design of the oxygen-sensing promoter was based on the dcuC gene of E. coli. The two binding sites for FNR surrounded the ribosome binding site and were systematically shifted upstream and downstream from this site in multiple constructs, causing overlap of the ribosome binding site in some cases. Five constructs were designed using the constitutive promoter J23113 as the basis for the rest of the promoter following the downstream FNR binding site. The construct out of these five that was fully characterized was J6, and its sequence is as follows:


D5.jpg

The oxygen promoters were characterized using a Tecan infinite M1000 microplate reader. Each sample was grown overnight on plates and transferred to a 96 deep-well plate for overnight growth. After 16 hours the samples were tested in the Tecan, where measurements would be taken for around 12 hours. Sometimes, measurement of growth of three successive plates (serially diluted from the preceding one) was needed before the appropriate steady state could be recorded.

Lux System

Results

All measurements were taken using the Tecan Infinite M 1000 spectrophotometer. The following is a graph of the raw fluorescence values recorded by the Tecan for two oxygen promoters, D5 and J6. Each construct was duplicated in the 96-well plate. One was allowed to grow normally under aerobic conditions, while the other sample was covered in 100uL of mineral oil to create an anaerobic environment. Serial dilution of two plates resulted in 3 sets of data for this experiment, as seen below.

Rawoxygen.png

The next graph shown is the Raw data for OD for the same constructs shown above. The OD is proportional to the number of cells growing in the media, so dividing the fluorescence by these values is approximately proportional to the fluorescence per cell.

RawODoxygen.png

Shown below is the Fluorescence over OD of each sample. As the samples reach steady state, the graph should become a horizontal line. Notice how the graph comes closer and closer to reaching this steady state with each successive plate. Also, it is important to rememeber that evaporation comes into play here when comparing anaerobic and anaerobic samples with each other. Since the anaerobic samples are covered in mineral oil, it is expected that the evaporation rates of the media underneath is less. This means that, for aerobic cells, the OD becomes artificially inflated as the same number of cells have become concentrated in less and less media. It is not known to what extent the evaporation effect has on these data.

FLUORoverODoxygen.png

Next, the fold-change was calculated for each sample. That is, the fluorescence/OD for anaerobic growth of the sample was divided bye fluorescence/OD for the aerobic sample. The same was done for a constitutive promoter expressing AFP. That way, a comparison could be made between constant expression of AFP in an anoxic environment and induced expression.

Oxygen Promoter J6

Poxygen.png

Oxygen Promoter D5

D5promoter.png

The results are that both promoters indeeed were inducible under anaerobic conditions. The fold-change expression when switching from aerobic to anaerobic is significantly higher than the fold-change expression of the constitutive promoter.

Comparison.png


Characterization of Old BioBrick parts

When designing our project, we were thinking about using the violacein pigment, BBa_K274002, in our genetic circuit. This part is supposed to be just the coding sequence without a promoter. As can be seen by the picture below, the coding sequence appears to have some sort of constitutive promoter attached to it.

Violacein.jpg


1107 108.png
1107 116 tetR.png
146 108 tetR.png
146 116 tetR.png