http://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&feed=atom&action=historyTeam:Groningen/Biofilm model - Revision history2024-03-29T00:07:20ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&diff=208749&oldid=prevJoelkuiper: /* Results */2010-11-17T01:54:53Z<p><span class="autocomment">Results</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Animation of expression based on high threshold and low signaling molecule diffusion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Animation of expression based on high threshold and low signaling molecule diffusion<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, each frame is a 100 steps in the model</ins>. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:ExpressionTimeFramed.gif]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:ExpressionTimeFramed.gif]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Joelkuiperhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&diff=208748&oldid=prevJoelkuiper: /* Results */2010-11-17T01:50:35Z<p><span class="autocomment">Results</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Animation of expression based on high threshold <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">en </del>low diffusion</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Animation of expression based on high threshold <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </ins>low <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">signaling molecule </ins>diffusion<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Joelkuiperhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&diff=208747&oldid=prevJoelkuiper: /* Results */2010-11-17T01:50:07Z<p><span class="autocomment">Results</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:Groningen-biofilm4.png|150px|frame|none|Late time step with high expression threshold and high diffusion rate]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:Groningen-biofilm4.png|150px|frame|none|Late time step with high expression threshold and high diffusion rate]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Future work=== </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Future work=== </div></td></tr>
</table>Joelkuiperhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&diff=208745&oldid=prevJoelkuiper: /* References */2010-11-17T01:44:05Z<p><span class="autocomment">References</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Picioreanu C, van Loosdrecht MC, Heijnen JJ. Mathematical modeling of biofilm structure with a hybrid differential-discrete cellular automaton approach, Biotechnology Bioengineering, 1998, 58(1):101-16. PMID </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Picioreanu C, van Loosdrecht MC, Heijnen JJ. Mathematical modeling of biofilm structure with a hybrid differential-discrete cellular automaton approach, Biotechnology Bioengineering, 1998, 58(1):101-16. PMID </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>10099266 </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>10099266 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Roggiani M, Dubnau D, ComA, a phosphorylated response regulator protein of Bacillus subtilis, binds to the promoter region of srfA, Journal of Bacteriology, 1993, 175(10): 3182-7. PMID 8387999 </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Roggiani M, Dubnau D, ComA, a phosphorylated response regulator protein of Bacillus subtilis, binds to the promoter region of srfA, Journal of Bacteriology, 1993, 175(10): 3182-7. PMID 8387999 </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Shah IM, Dworkin J, Microbial interactions: bacteria talk to (some of) their neighbors, Current Biology, 2009, 19(16): 689-91. PMID 19706277</small></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Shah IM, Dworkin J, Microbial interactions: bacteria talk to (some of) their neighbors, Current Biology, 2009, 19(16): 689-91. PMID 19706277</small></div></td></tr>
</table>Joelkuiperhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&diff=199397&oldid=prevJoelkuiper: /* Future work */2010-10-27T22:52:36Z<p><span class="autocomment">Future work</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The model proposed here is a grave oversimplification and many enhancements can be made. First of all the growth of the biofilm is unrestricted by substance availability Loosdrecht et. al. proposed a more realistic model of biofilm formation taking into account oxygen and substance concentrations. The pheromone is diffused discretely, however a larger resolution would be needed to differentiate between cellular and molecular scale. Implementing the Heat equation would increase the resolution and allow for a more realistic diffusion model. It is now assumed that the pheromone concentrations remain stable over time, however to fully account for its presence substance degradation by extracellular proteins would also need to be modeled. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The model proposed here is a grave oversimplification and many enhancements can be made. First of all the growth of the biofilm is unrestricted by substance availability Loosdrecht et. al. proposed a more realistic model of biofilm formation taking into account oxygen and substance concentrations. The pheromone is diffused discretely, however a larger resolution would be needed to differentiate between cellular and molecular scale. Implementing the Heat equation would increase the resolution and allow for a more realistic diffusion model. It is now assumed that the pheromone concentrations remain stable over time, however to fully account for its presence substance degradation by extracellular proteins would also need to be modeled. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A more realistic model of [https://2010.igem.org/Team:Groningen#/expression_model gene expression]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>could be incorporated further increasing its realism by taking into account within-cell dynamics. Also the ''B.subtilis'' quorum sensing system does not rely on a single compound, many different molecules diffuse and influence cell behavior. Sporulation for example is known to be a competitive inhibitory system between CSF and ComX.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A more realistic model of [https://2010.igem.org/Team:Groningen#/expression_model gene expression] could be incorporated further increasing its realism by taking into account within-cell dynamics. Also the ''B.subtilis'' quorum sensing system does not rely on a single compound, many different molecules diffuse and influence cell behavior. Sporulation for example is known to be a competitive inhibitory system between CSF and ComX.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Sources===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Sources===</div></td></tr>
</table>Joelkuiperhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&diff=199381&oldid=prevJoelkuiper: /* Future work */2010-10-27T22:52:06Z<p><span class="autocomment">Future work</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The model proposed here is a grave oversimplification and many enhancements can be made. First of all the growth of the biofilm is unrestricted by substance availability Loosdrecht et. al. proposed a more realistic model of biofilm formation taking into account oxygen and substance concentrations. The pheromone is diffused discretely, however a larger resolution would be needed to differentiate between cellular and molecular scale. Implementing the Heat equation would increase the resolution and allow for a more realistic diffusion model. It is now assumed that the pheromone concentrations remain stable over time, however to fully account for its presence substance degradation by extracellular proteins would also need to be modeled. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The model proposed here is a grave oversimplification and many enhancements can be made. First of all the growth of the biofilm is unrestricted by substance availability Loosdrecht et. al. proposed a more realistic model of biofilm formation taking into account oxygen and substance concentrations. The pheromone is diffused discretely, however a larger resolution would be needed to differentiate between cellular and molecular scale. Implementing the Heat equation would increase the resolution and allow for a more realistic diffusion model. It is now assumed that the pheromone concentrations remain stable over time, however to fully account for its presence substance degradation by extracellular proteins would also need to be modeled. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Also a </del>more realistic model of [gene expression], could be incorporated further increasing its realism by taking into account within-cell dynamics. Also the ''B.subtilis'' quorum sensing system does not rely on a single compound, many different molecules diffuse and influence cell behavior. Sporulation for example is known to be a competitive inhibitory system between CSF and ComX. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A </ins>more realistic model of [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://2010.igem.org/Team:Groningen#/expression_model </ins>gene expression], could be incorporated further increasing its realism by taking into account within-cell dynamics. Also the ''B.subtilis'' quorum sensing system does not rely on a single compound, many different molecules diffuse and influence cell behavior. Sporulation for example is known to be a competitive inhibitory system between CSF and ComX.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Sources===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Sources===</div></td></tr>
</table>Joelkuiperhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&diff=170286&oldid=prevJoelkuiper: /* References */2010-10-27T01:09:56Z<p><span class="autocomment">References</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===References===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===References===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Comella N, Grossman AD, Conservation of genes and processes controlled by the quorum response in bacteria: characterization of genes controlled by the quorum-sensing transcription factor ComA in Bacillus subtilis, Molecular Microbiology (2005), 57 (4): 1159–1174. PMID 16091051 </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><small></ins>Comella N, Grossman AD, Conservation of genes and processes controlled by the quorum response in bacteria: characterization of genes controlled by the quorum-sensing transcription factor ComA in Bacillus subtilis, Molecular Microbiology (2005), 57 (4): 1159–1174. PMID 16091051 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Lemon KP, Earl AM, Vlamakis HC, Aguilar C, Kolter R., Biofilm development with an emphasis on Bacillus subtilis, Current Topics Microbiology and Immunology, 2008, 322:1-16. PMID 18453269 </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Lemon KP, Earl AM, Vlamakis HC, Aguilar C, Kolter R., Biofilm development with an emphasis on Bacillus subtilis, Current Topics Microbiology and Immunology, 2008, 322:1-16. PMID 18453269 </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Roggiani M, Dubnau D, ComA, a phosphorylated response regulator protein of Bacillus subtilis, binds to the promoter region of srfA, Journal of Bacteriology, 1993, 175(10): 3182-7. PMID 8387999 </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Roggiani M, Dubnau D, ComA, a phosphorylated response regulator protein of Bacillus subtilis, binds to the promoter region of srfA, Journal of Bacteriology, 1993, 175(10): 3182-7. PMID 8387999 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Shah IM, Dworkin J, Microbial interactions: bacteria talk to (some of) their neighbors, Current Biology, 2009, 19(16): 689-91. PMID 19706277</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Shah IM, Dworkin J, Microbial interactions: bacteria talk to (some of) their neighbors, Current Biology, 2009, 19(16): 689-91. PMID 19706277<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></small></ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Joelkuiperhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&diff=169978&oldid=prevAslomp: /* Introduction */2010-10-27T00:49:42Z<p><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Biofilms are multicellular conglomerates which attach to surfaces. The formation of biofilms is triggered by high cell density and limited resources. The sensing is of these conditions is often mediated by an extracellular signaling compound which increases in concentration and triggers regulating circuitry. This process is called <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>quorum sensing<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </del>and it plays an important role in the dynamics of multicellular systems. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Biofilms are multicellular conglomerates which attach to surfaces. The formation of biofilms is triggered by high cell density and limited resources. The sensing is of these conditions is often mediated by an extracellular signaling compound which increases in concentration and triggers regulating circuitry. This process is called quorum sensing and it plays an important role in the dynamics of multicellular systems. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Quorum sensing systems can cause complicated effects including cell differentiation within single species conglomerates. A recent example of this can be seen in the difference of expression in the [http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/TasA TasA protein] which plays a major role in the formation of the biofilm matrix by forming amyloid fibers. Expression of this protein is mediated by competitive inhibitive systems by, amongst others, the [http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/YqxM yqxM gene](<partinfo>BBa_K305006</partinfo>) which linked to the [https://2010.igem.org/Team:Groningen#/expression_model ComXPA quorum sensing] system. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Quorum sensing systems can cause complicated effects including cell differentiation within single species conglomerates. A recent example of this can be seen in the difference of expression in the [http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/TasA TasA protein] which plays a major role in the formation of the biofilm matrix by forming amyloid fibers. Expression of this protein is mediated by competitive inhibitive systems by, amongst others, the [http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/YqxM yqxM gene](<partinfo>BBa_K305006</partinfo>) which linked to the [https://2010.igem.org/Team:Groningen#/expression_model ComXPA quorum sensing] system. </div></td></tr>
</table>Aslomphttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&diff=164794&oldid=prevJoelkuiper: /* Growth by cellular automata */2010-10-26T19:23:50Z<p><span class="autocomment">Growth by cellular automata</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cellular Automata are discrete computational models. The model consist of a finite grid (of any dimension) in which each of the cells can be in one of a finite set of states. The model behaves discretely in time by evaluating the number of neighbors of each cell and updating its state by some algebraic rule. A popular example of such a model with only two possible states, on and off, and a 2 dimensional grid is Conways Game of life. A possible instantiation of this "game" (it is a zero player game in the sense that it plays itself) is shown below. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Cellular Automata are discrete computational models. The model consist of a finite grid (of any dimension) in which each of the cells can be in one of a finite set of states. The model behaves discretely in time by evaluating the number of neighbors of each cell and updating its state by some algebraic rule. A popular example of such a model with only two possible states, on and off, and a 2 dimensional grid is Conways Game of life. A possible instantiation of this "game" (it is a zero player game in the sense that it plays itself) is shown below. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:Groningen-wiki-Gospers_glider_gun.gif|frame|none|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>Conways Game of life(from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_game_of_life wikipedia])]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:Groningen-wiki-Gospers_glider_gun.gif|frame|none|Conways Game of life(from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_game_of_life wikipedia])]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Simpler one dimensional models are an important subject of study in theoretical computer science. We modeled unrestricted bacterial growth by Cellular Automata. The model is a 2D grid of 400x400 pixels, the states are on and off indicating the presence of biomass. The grid is initialized randomly with a fixed distribution of "on" states. At every time step the following rule is applied by evaluating each of the cells 8 neighbors, if a cell has 3 or 4 neighbors with the "on" state the cell itself becomes "on" (a growth step, or birth), if a cell has 4, 5, or 6 neighbors which are on the cell is allowed to live and thus remains on. If any cell does not meet these criteria the cell will remain or become off. An animation of this model is shown below.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Simpler one dimensional models are an important subject of study in theoretical computer science. We modeled unrestricted bacterial growth by Cellular Automata. The model is a 2D grid of 400x400 pixels, the states are on and off indicating the presence of biomass. The grid is initialized randomly with a fixed distribution of "on" states. At every time step the following rule is applied by evaluating each of the cells 8 neighbors, if a cell has 3 or 4 neighbors with the "on" state the cell itself becomes "on" (a growth step, or birth), if a cell has 4, 5, or 6 neighbors which are on the cell is allowed to live and thus remains on. If any cell does not meet these criteria the cell will remain or become off. An animation of this model is shown below.</div></td></tr>
</table>Joelkuiperhttp://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Groningen/Biofilm_model&diff=163738&oldid=prevJoelkuiper: /* Introduction */2010-10-26T18:09:10Z<p><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Biofilms are multicellular conglomerates which attach to surfaces. The formation of biofilms is triggered by high cell density and limited resources. The sensing is of these conditions is often mediated by an extracellular signaling compound which increases in concentration and triggers regulating circuitry. This process is called [quorum sensing] and it plays an important role in the dynamics of multicellular systems. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Biofilms are multicellular conglomerates which attach to surfaces. The formation of biofilms is triggered by high cell density and limited resources. The sensing is of these conditions is often mediated by an extracellular signaling compound which increases in concentration and triggers regulating circuitry. This process is called [quorum sensing] and it plays an important role in the dynamics of multicellular systems. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Quorum sensing systems can cause complicated effects including cell differentiation within single species conglomerates. A recent example of this can be seen in the difference of expression in the [http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/TasA TasA protein] which plays a major role in the formation of the biofilm matrix by forming amyloid fibers. Expression of this protein is mediated by competitive inhibitive systems by, amongst others, the [http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/YqxM yqxM gene](<partinfo>BBa_K305006</<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><</del>partinfo> which linked to the [https://2010.igem.org/Team:Groningen#/expression_model ComXPA quorum sensing] system. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Quorum sensing systems can cause complicated effects including cell differentiation within single species conglomerates. A recent example of this can be seen in the difference of expression in the [http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/TasA TasA protein] which plays a major role in the formation of the biofilm matrix by forming amyloid fibers. Expression of this protein is mediated by competitive inhibitive systems by, amongst others, the [http://subtiwiki.uni-goettingen.de/wiki/index.php/YqxM yqxM gene](<partinfo>BBa_K305006</partinfo><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </ins>which linked to the [https://2010.igem.org/Team:Groningen#/expression_model ComXPA quorum sensing] system. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However it has been found that not all bacteria respond to the signaling molecules in the same way. It was shown that biofilm formation in ''Bacillus subtilis'' involves paracrine signaling in which most cells produce and secrete the signaling molecule ComX but only a sub population of the cells is triggered to make surfactin. Surfactin serves as paracrine signaling molecule and the cells which are not able to make surfactin, respond to surfactin by making extracellular matrix components for the biofilm. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>However it has been found that not all bacteria respond to the signaling molecules in the same way. It was shown that biofilm formation in ''Bacillus subtilis'' involves paracrine signaling in which most cells produce and secrete the signaling molecule ComX but only a sub population of the cells is triggered to make surfactin. Surfactin serves as paracrine signaling molecule and the cells which are not able to make surfactin, respond to surfactin by making extracellular matrix components for the biofilm. </div></td></tr>
</table>Joelkuiper