Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Green light producer

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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Team/Students">students</a></li>
   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Team/Students">students</a></li>
   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Team/Environment">environment</a></li>
   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Team/Environment">environment</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Gallery" class="dir">gallery</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Team/Gallery" class="dir">gallery</a></li>
   </ul>
   </ul>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Project" class="dir">genomic BRIDGEs</a>
  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Project" class="dir">genomic BRIDGEs</a>
   <ul>
   <ul>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Project">the protocol</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Project/Protocol">the protocol</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Project">biobrick parts</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/BioBricks#Genomic">submitted parts</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Project">results</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Results#Genomic">results</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Project">future work</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Project/Future">the future</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Project">references</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Project/References">references</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial" class="dir">bacterial BRIDGEs</a>
  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial" class="dir">bacterial BRIDGEs</a>
   <ul>
   <ul>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Core_repressilator">the repressilator</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Core_repressilator">the project</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Red_light_producer">red light</a></li>
   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Red_light_sensor">red sensor</a></li>
   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Red_light_sensor">red sensor</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Red_light_producer">red producer</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Blue_light_producer">blue light</a></li>
   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Blue_light_sensor">blue sensor</a></li>
   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Blue_light_sensor">blue sensor</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Blue_light_producer">blue producer</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Green_light_producer">green light</a></li>
   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Green_light_sensor">green sensor</a></li>
   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Green_light_sensor">green sensor</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Green_light_producer">green producer</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/BioBricks#Bacterial">submitted parts</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial">biobrick parts</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Results#Bacterial">results</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial">results</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Future">the future</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial">future work</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/References">references</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial">references</a></li>
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   </ul>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling" class="dir">modelling BRIDGEs</a>
  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling" class="dir">modelling BRIDGEs</a>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling">the model</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling/Kappa">kappa</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling">results</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling/Genomic">the genomic model</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling">future work</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling/Bacterial">the bacterial model</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling">references</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling/Signalling">the signalling model</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling/Tools">tools</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Results#Modelling">results</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling/Future">the future</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Modelling/References">references</a></li>
   </ul>
   </ul>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human" class="dir">human BRIDGEs</a>
  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human" class="dir">human BRIDGEs</a>
   <ul>
   <ul>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human">human aspects</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human/Communication">communication of science</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human">results</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human/Branding">iGEM survey</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human">future work</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human/Conversations">conversations</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human">references</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human/Epic">the epic</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human/FutureApps">future applications</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Results#Human">further thoughts</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Human/References">references</a></li>
   </ul>
   </ul>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook" class="dir">lab notes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook" class="dir">lab notes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook">collaboration</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/Collaboration">collaboration</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook">BRIDGE</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/Attribution">attribution</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook">red light</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/BRIDGE">BRIDGE</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook">red sensor</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/Red_light_producer">red light</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook">blue light</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/Red_light_sensor">red sensor</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook">blue sensor</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/Blue_light_producer">blue light</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook">safety</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/Blue_light_sensor">blue sensor</a></li>
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   <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/Green_light_producer">green light</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/Green_light_sensor">green sensor</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/Modelling">modelling</a></li>
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  <li><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Notebook/Safety">safety</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://www.openwetware.org/wiki/French_Lab">protocols</a></li>
   <li><a href="http://www.openwetware.org/wiki/French_Lab">protocols</a></li>
   </ul>
   </ul>
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<p>The green luciferase will require the combination of luxAB with the production of another protein: YFP from ''Vibrio fischeri''. This will shift the wavelength of the light towards the yellow spectrum, making it the correct colour to activate our green light sensor. We are having this DNA sequence synthesised and hope to BioBrick it as part of our submission to the registry.</p>
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<p>For the <b>production</b> of green light, we relied on tried and trusted firefly luciferase from <i>P. pyralis</i>. This has a <b>recorded</b> luminescence emission peak of roughly 557nm, as recorded in <a href="#References">Shapiro et al. (2009)</a> and other <b>references</b> (<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/6a/Ed10-FireflyLucSpectra.jpg">Figure 1</a>). This part was originally <b>submitted</b> by Ljubljana 2007. The sequence <b>analysis</b> revealed that there were 6 bases inserted upstream of the coding sequence. The distance between the ribosome binding site and the start codon was thus not <b>optimal</b>, and this resulted in a decreased luminescence intensity of the cells. We removed these 6 bases by PCR and <b>resubmitted</b> the part in pSB1C3.</p>
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<p>Since the wild type luciferase naturally emits in the green light part of the visible spectrum, it could also potentially excite a green light sensor. Since the limiting factor for light communication between bacteria is probably the amount of light produced, we are planning on introducing 3 mutations into the luciferase that increase the brightness in vitro by a factor of 12.5. We are getting this part synthesised, which will also optimise codons for expression in E coli, which should help to increase the amount of light emitted. (see Fujii et al, 2007). </p>
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<center><br><p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/6a/Ed10-FireflyLucSpectra.jpg" border="0" width="500px"/></p><br>
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<p><b>Figure 1:</b> Emission spectra of the <i>P. pyralis</i> luciferase (in solid black line).</p>
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<p>Image: <a href="#References">Shapiro et al. (2009)</a></p><br><br></center>
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<p>An alternative approach was planned during the early stages of the project: the combination of <a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Blue_light_producer">LuxAB</a> with another protein: YFP from <i>Vibrio fischeri</i>. This would <b>shift</b> the wavelength produced by LuxAB towards the green regions of the spectrum, to <b>activate</b> our green light sensor. During our discussions with <a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:UNAM-Genomics_Mexico">UNAM-Genomics Mexico</a> we realised that they planned on making the same part, so we stopped working on it, planning on testing its <b>combination</b> with our green light sensor later on. We unfortunately have not yet reached that stage, but the part is available in the registry as <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K360010">BBa_K360010</a>.</p>
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<p>In addition to the above, we created a codon-optimised mutant of the firefly luciferase, reported by <a href="#References">Fujii et al. (2007)</a> to be 12.5 times brighter than the wildtype. This may help to alleviate the problems foreseen with a lack of luminescence intensity failing to activate the light sensors of the corresponding wavelength.</p>
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<p><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K322451">LUCIE</a> (LUCiferase with Intense Emission) has three mutations compared to the wild type: Ile423Leu, Asp436Gly, and Leu530Arg. This causes more efficient binding of ATP and luciferin, which are used up faster and result in increased brightness of the cells.</p><br>
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<br>
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<a name="Strategy" id="Strategy"></a><h2>Strategy</h2>
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<p>The wildtype version of the luciferase was cloned into pSB1C3. The 6 extra bases between the start codon and the start codon were removed by PCR, using a forward primer starting at the start codon, and an RBS based reverse primer. The part and the vector were thus amplified, but without the 6 extra bases.</p>
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<p>The codon optimised LUCIE luciferase was <b>synthesised</b> by <a href="http://www.geneart.com/">GENEART</a>, then transferred to pSB1C3.
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<a name="Problems" id="Problems"></a><h2>Problems</h2>
<a name="Problems" id="Problems"></a><h2>Problems</h2>
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<p>Unfortunately, GENEART is often overloaded with synthesis requests at this time of year. The bright luciferase arrived at the last moment, and the photos were taken the same day as the wiki freeze. We did not have time to characterise it further.</p>
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<a name="BioBricks" id="BioBricks"></a><h2>Biobricks</h2>
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<a name="BioBricks" id="BioBricks"></a><h2>BioBricks</h2>
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<p></p>
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<p>Firefly luciferase was originally deposited in the Registry by <a href="https://2007.igem.org/Ljubljana">Ljubljana 2007</a>. We modified this slightly and re-submitted in pSB1C3, along with a codon-optimised mutant and a simple reporter system.</p><br>
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<p><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K322237">BBa_K322237</a>: firefly luciferase from <i>Photinus pyralis</i>, modified <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_I712019">BBa_I712019</a>.</p>
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<p><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K322238">BBa_K322238</a>: firefly luciferase from <i>Photinus pyralis</i> under <i>lac</i> promoter.</p>
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<p><a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K322451">BBa_K322451</a>: firefly luciferase from <i>Photinus pyralis</i>, codon optimised and mutated for brighter bioluminescence.</p><br>
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<a name="Characterisation" id="Characterisation"></a><h2>Characterisation</h2>
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<center><br><br><p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/9/9b/Ed10-WTLucSpecChar.jpg" width="500px"></p><br>
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<p><b>Figure 2:</b> Results of spectrum analysis of our wildtype firefly luciferase.</p><br><br></center>
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<p><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/9/9b/Ed10-WTLucSpecChar.jpg">Figure 2</a> shows the results of the spectral analysis of our wildtype firefly luciferase <a href="http://partsregistry.org/Part:BBa_K322237">BBa_K322237</a>. Unlike the emission spectrum for our red-light producing <a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Edinburgh/Bacterial/Red_light_producer">S248T variant</a>, the spectrum differs greatly from the expected; there is a small peak at roughly the correct location (557nm), but also a shoulder at approximately 580nm and a further peak at 600nm. This is due to the fact that the cells were suspended in citrate buffer, pH4.8, to help the luciferin enter the cells. At pH 7, the luciferase peaks in the yellow green region and does not make red light.</p>
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<p><a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/5/53/Ed10-green.jpg">Figure 3</a> and <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/e/ec/Ed10-yellow.jpg">Figure 4</a> on the next page demonstrate the difference in spectral output due to the pH of the buffer solution.</p>
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<center><br><br><p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/5/53/Ed10-green.jpg" border="0"/></p><br>
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<p><b>Figure 3:</b> Emission output (green light) of the wildtype firefly luciferase in neutral buffer.</p><br><br></center>
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<center><br><br><p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/e/ec/Ed10-yellow.jpg" border="0"/></p><br>
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<p><b>Figure 4:</b> Emission output (yellow light) of the wildtype firefly luciferase in citrate buffer (pH 4.8).</p><br><br></center>
<a name="References" id="References"></a><h2>References</h2>
<a name="References" id="References"></a><h2>References</h2>
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<br>
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<p>Fujii, H., K. Noda, et al. (2007). "Increase in bioluminescence intensity of firefly luciferase using genetic modification." Analytical Biochemistry 366(2): 131-136.</p>
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<p><b>Fujii, H., Noda, K., Asami, Y., Kuroda, A., Sakata, M. & Tokida, A. (2007).</b> Increase in bioluminescence intensity of firefly luciferase using genetic modification. <i>Analytical Biochemistry</i> <b>366</b>, 131-136.</p>
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<p><b>Shapirol, E., Lu, C., Baneyx, F. (2009).</b> Design and characterization of novel trypsin-resistant firefly luciferases by site-directed mutagenesis. <i>Protein Eng Des Sel</i> <b>22</b>(11): 655-663.</p>
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<p>Ljubljana 2007 team wiki, <i>https://2007.igem.org/Ljubljana</i>.</p>
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<center><a href="#top" class="dir"><img width="100" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/9/9f/Ed10-RTT.png"></a></center>
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<span style="color:ivory;">Throughout this wiki there are words in <b>bold</b> that indicate a relevance to <b>human aspects</b>. It will become obvious that <b>human aspects</b> are a part of almost everything in <b>iGEM</b>.</span>
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</div>
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Latest revision as of 02:34, 28 October 2010







Overview: The green light producer


For the production of green light, we relied on tried and trusted firefly luciferase from P. pyralis. This has a recorded luminescence emission peak of roughly 557nm, as recorded in Shapiro et al. (2009) and other references (Figure 1). This part was originally submitted by Ljubljana 2007. The sequence analysis revealed that there were 6 bases inserted upstream of the coding sequence. The distance between the ribosome binding site and the start codon was thus not optimal, and this resulted in a decreased luminescence intensity of the cells. We removed these 6 bases by PCR and resubmitted the part in pSB1C3.



Figure 1: Emission spectra of the P. pyralis luciferase (in solid black line).

Image: Shapiro et al. (2009)



An alternative approach was planned during the early stages of the project: the combination of LuxAB with another protein: YFP from Vibrio fischeri. This would shift the wavelength produced by LuxAB towards the green regions of the spectrum, to activate our green light sensor. During our discussions with UNAM-Genomics Mexico we realised that they planned on making the same part, so we stopped working on it, planning on testing its combination with our green light sensor later on. We unfortunately have not yet reached that stage, but the part is available in the registry as BBa_K360010.

In addition to the above, we created a codon-optimised mutant of the firefly luciferase, reported by Fujii et al. (2007) to be 12.5 times brighter than the wildtype. This may help to alleviate the problems foreseen with a lack of luminescence intensity failing to activate the light sensors of the corresponding wavelength.

LUCIE (LUCiferase with Intense Emission) has three mutations compared to the wild type: Ile423Leu, Asp436Gly, and Leu530Arg. This causes more efficient binding of ATP and luciferin, which are used up faster and result in increased brightness of the cells.



Strategy


The wildtype version of the luciferase was cloned into pSB1C3. The 6 extra bases between the start codon and the start codon were removed by PCR, using a forward primer starting at the start codon, and an RBS based reverse primer. The part and the vector were thus amplified, but without the 6 extra bases.

The codon optimised LUCIE luciferase was synthesised by GENEART, then transferred to pSB1C3.

Problems


Unfortunately, GENEART is often overloaded with synthesis requests at this time of year. The bright luciferase arrived at the last moment, and the photos were taken the same day as the wiki freeze. We did not have time to characterise it further.





BioBricks


Firefly luciferase was originally deposited in the Registry by Ljubljana 2007. We modified this slightly and re-submitted in pSB1C3, along with a codon-optimised mutant and a simple reporter system.


BBa_K322237: firefly luciferase from Photinus pyralis, modified BBa_I712019.

BBa_K322238: firefly luciferase from Photinus pyralis under lac promoter.

BBa_K322451: firefly luciferase from Photinus pyralis, codon optimised and mutated for brighter bioluminescence.



Characterisation





Figure 2: Results of spectrum analysis of our wildtype firefly luciferase.



Figure 2 shows the results of the spectral analysis of our wildtype firefly luciferase BBa_K322237. Unlike the emission spectrum for our red-light producing S248T variant, the spectrum differs greatly from the expected; there is a small peak at roughly the correct location (557nm), but also a shoulder at approximately 580nm and a further peak at 600nm. This is due to the fact that the cells were suspended in citrate buffer, pH4.8, to help the luciferin enter the cells. At pH 7, the luciferase peaks in the yellow green region and does not make red light.

Figure 3 and Figure 4 on the next page demonstrate the difference in spectral output due to the pH of the buffer solution.






Figure 3: Emission output (green light) of the wildtype firefly luciferase in neutral buffer.






Figure 4: Emission output (yellow light) of the wildtype firefly luciferase in citrate buffer (pH 4.8).



References


Fujii, H., Noda, K., Asami, Y., Kuroda, A., Sakata, M. & Tokida, A. (2007). Increase in bioluminescence intensity of firefly luciferase using genetic modification. Analytical Biochemistry 366, 131-136.

Shapirol, E., Lu, C., Baneyx, F. (2009). Design and characterization of novel trypsin-resistant firefly luciferases by site-directed mutagenesis. Protein Eng Des Sel 22(11): 655-663.

Ljubljana 2007 team wiki, https://2007.igem.org/Ljubljana.




Throughout this wiki there are words in bold that indicate a relevance to human aspects. It will become obvious that human aspects are a part of almost everything in iGEM.