Team:Cambridge/Bioluminescence

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'''Project Firefly''' focussed on the construction of standalone light-generating BioBricks from genes involved in the bioluminescence pathways found in fireflies.  
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'''Project Firefly''' focussed on the construction of light-generating BioBricks from genes involved in the bioluminescence pathways found in fireflies.  
==Fireflies in nature==
==Fireflies in nature==
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Fireflies are one of the few animals on this planet equipped with the fascinating ability to emit light. They are insects from the family of click beetles and are thought to use the production of light for different purposes at distinct developmental stages. The glow of firefly larvae is thought to be an aposematic signal, advising predators of the glowworms bitter taste and toxicity. In contrast, adult fireflies use bioluminescence in courtship displays. Females respond to the flash patterns emitted by flying males with the generation of an attracting light flash from their own bodies.  
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Fireflies are one of the few land animals on this planet equipped with the fascinating ability to emit light. They are insects from the family of click beetles and are thought to use the production of light for different purposes at distinct developmental stages. The glow of firefly larvae is thought to be an aposematic signal, advising predators of the glowworms bitter taste and toxicity. In contrast, adult fireflies use bioluminescence in courtship displays. Females respond to the flash patterns emitted by flying males with the generation of an attracting light flash from their own bodies.  
The chemical reactions that lead to the production of light occur in a specialised organ in the lower abdomen of fireflies, known as the lantern. Here the enzyme luciferase catalyses the oxidation of the pigment luciferin to oxyluciferin. Oxyluciferin is initially produced in an unstable chemically excited state, but quickly drops down into the more energetically favourable ground state. In this process a photon of light is emitted. In 2001 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11457857 Gomi and Kajiyama] discovered another important enzyme involved the  [https://2010.igem.org/Team:Cambridge/Bioluminescence/Background_Firefly light-producing pathway] in the lantern organ of fireflies. This luciferin-regenerating enzyme (LRE) is capable of converting oxyluciferin back into luciferin upon the addition of D-cysteine, thereby relieving inhibition of luciferase by oxyluciferin as well as fueling into the luciferin pool.
The chemical reactions that lead to the production of light occur in a specialised organ in the lower abdomen of fireflies, known as the lantern. Here the enzyme luciferase catalyses the oxidation of the pigment luciferin to oxyluciferin. Oxyluciferin is initially produced in an unstable chemically excited state, but quickly drops down into the more energetically favourable ground state. In this process a photon of light is emitted. In 2001 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11457857 Gomi and Kajiyama] discovered another important enzyme involved the  [https://2010.igem.org/Team:Cambridge/Bioluminescence/Background_Firefly light-producing pathway] in the lantern organ of fireflies. This luciferin-regenerating enzyme (LRE) is capable of converting oxyluciferin back into luciferin upon the addition of D-cysteine, thereby relieving inhibition of luciferase by oxyluciferin as well as fueling into the luciferin pool.
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Japanese fireflies of the species Luciola cruciata are notable for synchronising their flash patterns when in large groups, thereby making the trees on which they sit pulsate with green light. This phenomenon has been reported to be exploited by fishermen as a means of locating the shore. We wanted to add to the pre-existing luciferase in the Registry by
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Japanese fireflies of the species Luciola cruciata are notable for synchronising their flash patterns when in large groups, thereby making the trees on which they sit pulsate with green light. This phenomenon has been reported to be exploited by fisherman as a means of locating the shore. We wanted to add to the pre-existing luciferase in the Registry by
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*Single amino acid mutagenesis to create BioBricks capable of emitting light of a range of different colours.
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*Site-directed mutagenesis to create BioBricks capable of emitting light of a range of different colours.
Luciola cruciata was specifically chosen for this purpose on the basis of a publication by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1946326 Kajiyama and Nakano] in 1991 that described a suite of single amino acid changes which significantly changed the wavelength of peak emission.  
Luciola cruciata was specifically chosen for this purpose on the basis of a publication by [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1946326 Kajiyama and Nakano] in 1991 that described a suite of single amino acid changes which significantly changed the wavelength of peak emission.  
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Latest revision as of 03:57, 28 October 2010