http://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/Naoiwamoto&feed=atom&limit=50&target=Naoiwamoto&year=&month=2010.igem.org - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T13:13:58ZFrom 2010.igem.orgMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2010.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/Project/SummaryTeam:Heidelberg/Project/Summary2010-10-28T03:58:54Z<p>Naoiwamoto: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Heidelberg/Double}}<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Pagetop|pro_summary}}<br />
<br />
=Summary=<br />
<br /><br />
==miTuner==<br />
<br /><br />
We have developed a novel method for miRNA-based gene expression tuning in mammalian cells. We show that the miTUNER method allows tuning of protein expression in fine intervals <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. This enables us to create libraries of protein expression vectors with different strengths without exchanging the promoter. This is highly useful for the usage of certain promoters for an optimal protein expression.<br />
<br /><br />
We furthermore demonstrate the ability of the miTuner approach for off-targeting respectively for partial, selective down-regulation of protein expression <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. The potential of miTuner for on-targeting respectively partial, selective up-regulation has been proven <i>in vitro</i>, <i>in vivo</i> measurements are currently undertaken and will be presented at the Jamboree. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first demonstration of a miRNA-based gene expression tuner, and it is moreover the first implementation of on-targeting with miRNA-based gene expression control systems.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
An [[Media:miTuner_RFC.pdf|RFC]] describing the miTUNER method has been written (miTuner - a kit for microRNA based gene expression tuning in mammalian cells). Moreover, we describe a new measurement standard (miMeasure – a standard for miRNA binding site characterization in mammalian cells) in a second [[Media:RFC_miMeasure.pdf|RFC]]. We are currently waiting for the assignment of numbers for the submission of these two RFCs.<br /><br />
<br />
==Capsid shuffling==<br />
<br /><br />
We have developed a standardized and fast approach towards the creation of AAV-based. We adopted two established methods for the shuffling of capsid genes – homology based shuffling by DNaseI digestion and self-primed PCR. Additionally we introduce ViroBytes, a random assembly protocol based on rationally designed capsid parts. These methods allow for the creation of libraries of randomized synthetic viruses and the consequent screening for novel viruses with improved efficiency and tissue specifity. We have achieved exceptionally selective tissue-specific targeting in vitro and in vivo with hepatocyte specific delivery vectors.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br />
==Modeling==<br />
<br /><br />
Our suite of experimental contributions is complement by a powerful range of, accessible through the miBEAT GUI. This tool combines and connects the output of different models and scripts and then generates a suitable miTuner construct that expresses the gene of interest, miGENE, up to the desired level. miBEAT consists of three subparts; miRockdown, miBS designer and mUTING.<br /><br />
<br />
miRockdown is the subpart which contains two computational models that work on different concepts: Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic plus the experimentally obtained data. The models are sequentially associated with a script based on Target Scan algorithm. miRockdown takes as an input the desired knockdown percentage and the sequence of shRNAmir and gives out binding site parameters that are then compared with model predictions to finally generate the appropriate binding site.<br /><br />
<br />
miBS designer is available as a stand alone for generating customized binding sites, but a modified version of it is also a part of miBEAT, in charge of generating more than 2000 different binding sites for every miRNA sequences, following more than 135 combinations of regions. <br /><br />
<br />
mUTING provides the tissue specific targeting function to the GUI. It uses literature data for miRNA expression in various tissues and can output miRNA binding sites that could be used to differentiate between target and off target tissues.<br /><br /><br />
<br />
Apart from all of these tools, our team also developed two independent models:<br /><br />
<br />
The Neural Network Model takes inspiration in the biological nervous system to predict its results. It is the appropriate strategy to model complex processes and it is able to learn from experience. Even if the experimental data were not enough to fully train the model, the results agree with the experimental values and the model was able to determine the importance of the bulge size for the knockdown.<br /><br />
<br />
The Fuzzy Logic Model is combining the strength of intuitive integration of prior knowledge with a sophisticated Global Genetic optimization Algorithm.<br /><br /><br />
<br />
<br />
==Outlook==<br />
<br /><br />
We see great potential in the combined usage of synthetic promoters (as proposed by the Heidelberg iGEM team 2009), with miRNA-based post-transcriptional gene expression control and with cell-specific gene delivery. The 3-fold usage of selective gene expression control will allow for very tight coupling of gene expression to target cells, e.g. to cancer cells.<br /><br />
Moreover, the possibility of RNA-based logic gates provides an attractive option for the design and fine-tuning of synthetic networks. As we have demonstrated, miTuner allows for the usage of synthetic miRNAs. This opens up the perspective of engineering orthogonal networks which can be run in parallel to cellular calculation processes.<br />
Moreover, the quantitative understanding provided by our in silico tools and our standardized miRNA measurement procedures will be useful for the further investigation of the foundations of the miRNA regulation machinery.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Pagemiddle}}<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Bottom}}</div>Naoiwamotohttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/Project/SummaryTeam:Heidelberg/Project/Summary2010-10-28T03:55:00Z<p>Naoiwamoto: /* miTuner */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Heidelberg/Double}}<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Pagetop|pro_summary}}<br />
<br />
=Summary=<br />
<br /><br />
==miTuner==<br />
<br /><br />
We have developed a novel method for miRNA-based gene expression tuning in mammalian cells. We show that the miTUNER method allows tuning of protein expression in fine intervals in vivo and in vitro. This enables us to create libraries of protein expression vectors with different strength without exchanging the promoter. This is highly useful if a certain promoter must be used, e.g. because it is optimal for a desired selective protein expression.<br />
<br /><br />
We furthermore demonstrate the ability of the miTuner approach for off-targeting respectively for partial, selective down-regulation of protein expression in vivo and in vitro. The potential of miTuner for on-targeting respectively partial, selective up-regulation has been proven in vitro, in vivo measurements are currently undertaken and will be presented at the Jamboree. To our best knowledge, this work is the first demonstration of a miRNA-based gene expression tuner, and it is moreover the first implementation of on-targeting with miRNA-based gene expression control systems.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
A RFC [[Media:miTuner_RFC.pdf]] describing the miTUNER method has been written (miTuner - a kit for microRNA based gene expression tuning in mammalian cells). Moreover, we describe a new measurement standard (miMeasure – a standard for miRNA binding site characterization in mammalian cells) in a second RFC [[Media:RFC_miMeasure.pdf]]. We are currently waiting for the assignment of numbers for the submission of these two RFCs.<br /><br />
<br />
==Capsid shuffling==<br /><br />
We have developed a standardized and fast approach towards the creation of AAV-based. We adopted two established methods for the shuffling of capsid genes – homology based shuffling by DNaseI digestion and self-primed PCR. Additionally we introduce ViroBytes, a random assembly protocol based on rationally designed capsid parts. These methods allow for the creation of libraries of randomized synthetic viruses and the consequent screening for novel viruses with improved efficiency and tissue specifity. We have achieved exceptionally selective tissue-specific targeting in vitro and in vivo with hepatocyte specific delivery vectors.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
==Modeling==<br /><br />
Our suite of experimental contributions is complement by a powerful range of, accessible through the miBEAT GUI. This tool combines and connects the output of different models and scripts and then generates a suitable miTuner construct that expresses the gene of interest, miGENE, up to the desired level. miBEAT consists of three subparts; miRockdown, miBS designer and mUTING.<br /><br />
<br />
miRockdown is the subpart which contains two computational models that work on different concepts: Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic plus the experimentally obtained data. The models are sequentially associated with a script based on Target Scan algorithm. miRockdown takes as an input the desired knockdown percentage and the sequence of shRNAmir and gives out binding site parameters that are then compared with model predictions to finally generate the appropriate binding site.<br /><br />
<br />
miBS designer is available as a stand alone for generating customized binding sites, but a modified version of it is also a part of miBEAT, in charge of generating more than 2000 different binding sites for every miRNA sequences, following more than 135 combinations of regions. <br /><br />
<br />
mUTING provides the tissue specific targeting function to the GUI. It uses literature data for miRNA expression in various tissues and can output miRNA binding sites that could be used to differentiate between target and off target tissues.<br /><br /><br />
<br />
Apart from all of these tools, our team also developed two independent models:<br /><br />
<br />
The Neural Network Model takes inspiration in the biological nervous system to predict its results. It is the appropriate strategy to model complex processes and it is able to learn from experience. Even if the experimental data were not enough to fully train the model, the results agree with the experimental values and the model was able to determine the importance of the bulge size for the knockdown.<br /><br />
<br />
The Fuzzy Logic Model is combining the strength of intuitive integration of prior knowledge with a sophisticated Global Genetic optimization Algorithm.<br /><br /><br />
<br />
==Outlook==<br /><br />
We see great potential in the combined usage of synthetic promoters (as proposed by the Heidelberg iGEM team 2009), with miRNA-based post-transcriptional gene expression control and with cell-specific gene delivery. The 3-fold usage of selective gene expression control will allow for very tight coupling of gene expression to target cells, e.g. to cancer cells.<br /><br />
Moreover, the possibility of RNA-based logic gates provides an attractive option for the design and fine-tuning of synthetic networks. As we have demonstrated, miTuner allows for the usage of synthetic miRNAs. This opens up the perspective of engineering orthogonal networks which can be run in parallel to cellular calculation processes.<br />
Moreover, the quantitative understanding provided by our in silico tools and our standardized miRNA measurement procedures will be useful for the further investigation of the foundations of the miRNA regulation machinery.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Pagemiddle}}<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Bottom}}</div>Naoiwamotohttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/Project/SummaryTeam:Heidelberg/Project/Summary2010-10-28T03:54:44Z<p>Naoiwamoto: /* miTuner */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Heidelberg/Double}}<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Pagetop|pro_summary}}<br />
<br />
=Summary=<br />
<br /><br />
==miTuner==<br />
<br /><br />
We have developed a novel-method for miRNA based gene expression tuning in mammalian cells. We show that the miTUNER method allows tuning of protein expression in fine intervals in vivo and in vitro. This enables us to create libraries of protein expression vectors with different strength without exchanging the promoter. This is highly useful if a certain promoter must be used, e.g. because it is optimal for a desired selective protein expression.<br />
<br /><br />
We furthermore demonstrate the ability of the miTuner approach for off-targeting respectively for partial, selective down-regulation of protein expression in vivo and in vitro. The potential of miTuner for on-targeting respectively partial, selective up-regulation has been proven in vitro, in vivo measurements are currently undertaken and will be presented at the Jamboree. To our best knowledge, this work is the first demonstration of a miRNA-based gene expression tuner, and it is moreover the first implementation of on-targeting with miRNA-based gene expression control systems.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
A RFC [[Media:miTuner_RFC.pdf]] describing the miTUNER method has been written (miTuner - a kit for microRNA based gene expression tuning in mammalian cells). Moreover, we describe a new measurement standard (miMeasure – a standard for miRNA binding site characterization in mammalian cells) in a second RFC [[Media:RFC_miMeasure.pdf]]. We are currently waiting for the assignment of numbers for the submission of these two RFCs.<br /><br />
<br />
==Capsid shuffling==<br /><br />
We have developed a standardized and fast approach towards the creation of AAV-based. We adopted two established methods for the shuffling of capsid genes – homology based shuffling by DNaseI digestion and self-primed PCR. Additionally we introduce ViroBytes, a random assembly protocol based on rationally designed capsid parts. These methods allow for the creation of libraries of randomized synthetic viruses and the consequent screening for novel viruses with improved efficiency and tissue specifity. We have achieved exceptionally selective tissue-specific targeting in vitro and in vivo with hepatocyte specific delivery vectors.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
==Modeling==<br /><br />
Our suite of experimental contributions is complement by a powerful range of, accessible through the miBEAT GUI. This tool combines and connects the output of different models and scripts and then generates a suitable miTuner construct that expresses the gene of interest, miGENE, up to the desired level. miBEAT consists of three subparts; miRockdown, miBS designer and mUTING.<br /><br />
<br />
miRockdown is the subpart which contains two computational models that work on different concepts: Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic plus the experimentally obtained data. The models are sequentially associated with a script based on Target Scan algorithm. miRockdown takes as an input the desired knockdown percentage and the sequence of shRNAmir and gives out binding site parameters that are then compared with model predictions to finally generate the appropriate binding site.<br /><br />
<br />
miBS designer is available as a stand alone for generating customized binding sites, but a modified version of it is also a part of miBEAT, in charge of generating more than 2000 different binding sites for every miRNA sequences, following more than 135 combinations of regions. <br /><br />
<br />
mUTING provides the tissue specific targeting function to the GUI. It uses literature data for miRNA expression in various tissues and can output miRNA binding sites that could be used to differentiate between target and off target tissues.<br /><br /><br />
<br />
Apart from all of these tools, our team also developed two independent models:<br /><br />
<br />
The Neural Network Model takes inspiration in the biological nervous system to predict its results. It is the appropriate strategy to model complex processes and it is able to learn from experience. Even if the experimental data were not enough to fully train the model, the results agree with the experimental values and the model was able to determine the importance of the bulge size for the knockdown.<br /><br />
<br />
The Fuzzy Logic Model is combining the strength of intuitive integration of prior knowledge with a sophisticated Global Genetic optimization Algorithm.<br /><br /><br />
<br />
==Outlook==<br /><br />
We see great potential in the combined usage of synthetic promoters (as proposed by the Heidelberg iGEM team 2009), with miRNA-based post-transcriptional gene expression control and with cell-specific gene delivery. The 3-fold usage of selective gene expression control will allow for very tight coupling of gene expression to target cells, e.g. to cancer cells.<br /><br />
Moreover, the possibility of RNA-based logic gates provides an attractive option for the design and fine-tuning of synthetic networks. As we have demonstrated, miTuner allows for the usage of synthetic miRNAs. This opens up the perspective of engineering orthogonal networks which can be run in parallel to cellular calculation processes.<br />
Moreover, the quantitative understanding provided by our in silico tools and our standardized miRNA measurement procedures will be useful for the further investigation of the foundations of the miRNA regulation machinery.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Pagemiddle}}<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Bottom}}</div>Naoiwamotohttp://2010.igem.org/Team:HeidelbergTeam:Heidelberg2010-10-28T03:53:35Z<p>Naoiwamoto: </p>
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<div id="wrapperheadline">iGEM Heidelberg Mission 2010: miBricks</div><br><br />
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<div id="projectabstract">The great potential of gene therapy is currently limited by two major challenges: tissue specific gene delivery and regulation of gene expression, either dependent on cell-specific properties or intentionally independent of the cellular context. We followed two synergistic tracks to address these problems.<br> <br />
One, we have developed a novel method for miRNA based gene expression tuning in mammalian cells, allowing the fine-tuning of gene expression based on synthetic miRNAs, as well as the cell specific on- and off-targeting based on endogenous miRNAs. We show that this method is functional in vivo and in vitro and prove the high potential of all three miRNA-based regulation approaches.<br> <br />
Two, we have developed a standardized and fast approach towards the creation of AAV-based gene delivery vectors. We have achieved exceptionally selective tissue-specific targeting <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> with hepatocyte specific delivery vectors.<br> <br />
We are happy to provide the synthetic biology community with two high impact innovations which will fuel the improvement of tissue specific gene therapy approaches and other medical applications of synthetic biology.</div><br> <br />
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<h3>The iGEM idea</h3><br />
<br />
iGEM (international Genetically Engineered Machines Competition) is an international competition in synthetic biology, hosted by the MIT in Boston. The aim of this competition is to answer a basic question once posted by the director of iGEM, Randy Rettberg, as follows: "Can simple biological systems be built from standard, interchangeable parts and operated in living cells? Or is biology just too complicated to be engineered in this way?"<br />
<br><br />
International student teams participating in the iGEM compete to answer this fundamental question by engineering biological systems with a proper function. More than 100 interdisciplinary student teams from all over the world, mainly consisting of undergraduate students in biology, biochemistry, engineering, informatics and mathematics, carry out different projects during the Summer to follow this approach. <br />
<br><br />
Projects involved in iGEM reach from medical applications, such as genetically modified bacteria used in cancer-treatment to environmental and manufacturing projects, which allow the construction of a dynamic, watch-like counter consisting of living cells. In contrast to classical genetic engineering where only one gene is transferred from organism A to organism B, synthetic biology advances into the construction of new systems as a whole with totally new emerging properties. Therefore, each iGEM-Teams gets access to a gene-Database called "registry", where hundreds of different genetic parts with characterized functions are available in a “plug-and-play”–like manner. These parts can be simply stuck together to create new functional systems. The rising number of iGEM-Teams over the last years as well as the upcoming public interest in iGEM as well as in the iGEM-Teams’ projects and synthetic biology in general shows that synthetic biology will demonstrate an essential contribution to understand the functional way of life and have an enormous impact on many different fields of both scientific reseach and every-day life.<br />
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{{:Team:Heidelberg/Bottom}}</div>Naoiwamotohttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/ProjectTeam:Heidelberg/Project2010-10-28T03:50:21Z<p>Naoiwamoto: </p>
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<div style="font-weight:bold">The circle of gene regulation</div><br />
<p>In living systems, gene expression is regulated by the interaction of miRNAs with the endogenous transcripts. The iGEM Team Heidelberg 2010 developed an fine-tuning regulatory mechanism of gene expression by miTuner, an auxiliary system employing both endogenous and exogenous miRNAs. Gene delivery by AAVs furthermore supports and enhances the efficiency of the fine-tuning regulation. </p><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/26/RegCircle.png"/><br />
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<div class="t1">Abstract</div><br><br />
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<div class="t3">miBricks: DNA is not enough</div><br />
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<div id="projectabstract">The iGEM Team Heidelberg 2010 unlocks the entirely new field of synthetic mi(cro)RNA technologies for mammalian cells and tissue engineering. By combining novel miRNA-based tools and protocols with cell-specific viral delivery systems our technology allows - for the first time - to use RNAi for rationally engineering gene regulation in targeted cells and organs. The two most prominent technologies we developed are a new measurement standard for real-time detection/quantification of miRNA binding site strength in living cells (miMeasure) as well as a synthetic miRNA expression kit (miTuner) that allows to precisely repress (fully or partly) and thus fine-regulate any desired target gene. The rational design of this miRNA expression kit is accomplished by a novel computational model for miRNA-based gene silencing termed miBEAT. The miRNA technology is accompanied by a novel gene delivery technology based on re-designed Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) that were molecularly engineered and evolved to specifically deliver our miRNA expression kit to hepatocytes. The rationally designed synthetic miRNA expression kits were successfully validated in cultured, transformed or primary liver cells and then transferred into an adult mouse model. We thereby demonstrate that our miRNA expression kit is able to specifically fine tune the expression level of target genes both in cell culture (<i>in vitro</i>) and importantly also in the liver of mice (<i>in vivo</i>). In summary, we show that this technology allows the precise, predictable and quantitative adjustment of mammalian gene expression levels. Our work fosters the introduction of synthetic biology based technologies into the rapidly emerging field of personalized biomedicine.</div><br><br />
<br />
<div class="t3">Graphical abstract</div><br><br />
<div style="align:center"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/29/GraphAbstract.png"/></div><br />
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<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Single_Bottom}}</div>Naoiwamotohttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/ProjectTeam:Heidelberg/Project2010-10-28T03:48:51Z<p>Naoiwamoto: </p>
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{{:Team:Heidelberg/Side_Top}}<br />
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<div style="font-weight:bold">The circle of gene regulation</div><br />
<p>In living systems, gene expression is regulated by the interaction of miRNAs with the endogenous transcripts. The iGEM Team Heidelberg 2010 developed an fine-tuning regulatory mechanism of gene expression by miTuner, an auxiliary system employing both endogenous and exogenous miRNAs. Gene delivery by AAVs furthermore supports and enhances the efficiency of the fine-tuning regulation. </p><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/26/RegCircle.png"/><br />
</html><br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Side_Bottom}}<br />
<html><br />
<div class="t1">Abstract</div><br><br />
<br />
<div class="t3">miBricks: DNA is not enough</div><br />
<br />
<div id="projectabstract">The iGEM Team Heidelberg 2010 unlocks the entirely new field of synthetic mi(cro)RNA technologies for mammalian cells and tissue engineering. By combining novel miRNA-based tools and protocols with cell-specific viral delivery systems our technology allows for the first time to use RNAi for rationally engineering gene regulation in targeted cells and organs. The two most prominent technologies we developed are a new measurement standard for real-time detection/quantification of miRNA binding site strength in living cells (miMeasure) as well as a synthetic miRNA expression kit (miTuner) that allows to precisely repress (fully or partly) and thus fine-regulate any desired target gene. The rational design of this miRNA expression kit is accomplished by a novel computational model for miRNA-based gene silencing termed miBEAT. The miRNA technology is accompanied by a novel gene delivery technology based on re-designed Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) that were molecularly engineered and evolved to specifically deliver our miRNA expression kit to hepatocytes. The rationally designed synthetic miRNA expression kits were successfully validated in cultured, transformed or primary liver cells and then transferred into an adult mouse model. We thereby demonstrate that our miRNA expression kit is able to specifically fine tune the expression level of target genes both in cell culture (in vitro) and importantly also in the liver of mice (<i>in vivo</i>). In summary, we show that this technology allows the precise, predictable and quantitative adjustment of mammalian gene expression levels. Our work fosters the introduction of synthetic biology based technologies into the rapidly emerging field of personalized biomedicine.</div><br><br />
<br />
<div class="t3">Graphical abstract</div><br><br />
<div style="align:center"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/29/GraphAbstract.png"/></div><br />
</html><br />
<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/Single_Bottom}}</div>Naoiwamotohttp://2010.igem.org/Team:HeidelbergTeam:Heidelberg2010-10-28T03:24:11Z<p>Naoiwamoto: </p>
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<div>{{:Team:Heidelberg/Double}}<br />
{{:Team:Heidelberg/NivoSlider}}<br />
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The contents and design of this wiki are published under the GNU Free Documentation License. You are granted the right to copy and modify our work, but you must publish your work under the same type of license while recognizing us the authors.<br />
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<br />
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<div id="wrapperheadline">iGEM Heidelberg Mission 2010: miBricks</div><br><br />
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<div id="projectabstract">The great potential of gene therapy is currently limited by two major challenges: tissue specific gene delivery and regulation of gene expression, either dependent on cell-specific properties or intentionally independent of the cellular context. We followed two synergistic tracks to address these problems.<br> <br />
One, we have developed a novel method for miRNA based gene expression tuning in mammalian cells, allowing the fine-tuning of gene expression based on synthetic miRNAs, as well as the cell specific on- and off-targeting based on endogenous miRNAs. We show that this method is functional in vivo and in vitro and prove the high potential of all three miRNA-based regulation approaches.<br> <br />
Two, we have developed a standardized and fast approach towards the creation of AAV-based gene delivery vectors. We have achieved exceptionally selective tissue-specific targeting in vitro and in vivo with hepatocyte specific delivery vectors.<br> <br />
We are happy to provide the synthetic biology community with two high impact innovations which will fuel the improvement of tissue specific gene therapy approaches and other medical applications of synthetic biology.</div><br> <br />
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<a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/Project/Capsid_Shuffling"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/e/ed/Slide_CapShuffling.png" alt="" rel="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/30/Slide_CapShuffling_thumb.png"/></a><br />
<a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Heidelberg/Modeling"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/f/fc/Bioinfo.png" alt="" rel="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/0/0d/Bioinfo_thumb.png"/></a><br />
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<h3>The iGEM idea</h3><br />
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iGEM (international Genetically Engineered Machines Competition) is an international competition in synthetic biology, hosted by the MIT in Boston. The aim of this competition is to answer a basic question once posted by the director of iGEM, Randy Rettberg, as follows: "Can simple biological systems be built from standard, interchangeable parts and operated in living cells? Or is biology just too complicated to be engineered in this way?"<br />
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International student teams participating in the iGEM compete to answer this fundamental question by engineering biological systems with a proper function. More than 100 interdisciplinary student teams from all over the world, mainly consisting of undergraduate students in biology, biochemistry, engineering, informatics and mathematics, carry out different projects during the Summer to follow this approach. <br />
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Projects involved in iGEM reach from medical applications, such as genetically modified bacteria used in cancer-treatment to environmental and manufacturing projects, which allow the construction of a dynamic, watch-like counter consisting of living cells. In contrast to classical genetic engineering where only one gene is transferred from organism A to organism B, synthetic biology advances into the construction of new systems as a whole with totally new emerging properties. Therefore, each iGEM-Teams gets access to a gene-Database called "registry", where hundreds of different genetic parts with characterized functions are available in a “plug-and-play”–like manner. These parts can be simply stuck together to create new functional systems. The rising number of iGEM-Teams over the last years as well as the upcoming public interest in iGEM as well as in the iGEM-Teams’ projects and synthetic biology in general shows that synthetic biology will demonstrate an essential contribution to understand the functional way of life and have an enormous impact on many different fields of both scientific reseach and every-day life.<br />
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{{:Team:Heidelberg/Bottom}}</div>Naoiwamoto