http://2010.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&feed=atom&limit=50&target=Grug&year=&month=2010.igem.org - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T01:51:25ZFrom 2010.igem.orgMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/TeamTeam:Monash Australia/Team2010-10-26T04:28:36Z<p>Grug: /* Who we are */</p>
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== '''Who we are''' ==<br />
'''Advisors:'''<br />
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/64/Monash_Australia_Ash.jpg" height="200px" alt="Ash"</center><br />
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<td><br />
Assoc. Prof Ashley Buckle currently is running a lab in the Monash STRIP under the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology with research aimed at understanding how the structure and dynamics of proteins dictates their function. More information can be found at <a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/Lab">Buckle Lab</a><br />
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/d/dc/Andrew_Perry.png" height="200px" alt="andrew"></img></center><br />
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<td><br />
Dr. Andrew Perry is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Whisstock lab, with research focusing on outer membrane pore forming proteins in mitochondria and bacteria. Structural biology and bioinformatics, protein structure by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X-ray crystallography.<br />
</td><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/b/b8/Monash_Australia_Llyod.jpg" height="200px" alt="lloyd"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Dr. Lloyd Low is a Postdoctoral researcher in Peter Boag's lab in the the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University. He is a former member of the Melbourne University iGEM team, and helped get us started at Monash.<br />
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'''Students:'''<br />
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/23/Monash_Australia_Team_member_1.png" height="200px" alt="Ben"></img></center><br />
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<td><br />
Ben is currently a second year Bachelor of Science student, Majoring in Biochemistry and molecular biology with a minor in Microbiology. Ben aspires to open up his own research and development company after graduating.<br />
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/63/Monash_Australia_will.jpg" height="200px" width="150px" alt="will"></img></center><br />
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<td><br />
Will is a final year Bachelor of science student, with majors in 'Biochemistry' and 'Immnology and Human Pathology'. Will is currently seeking honours placement for 2011, and strives to earn a PhD scholarship.<br />
</td><br />
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<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/69/Monash_Australia_Team_member_3.jpg" height="200px" alt="anna"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Anna is in her final year studying a Bachelor of Science with majors in Biochemistry and Physiology. She intends to further her studies by continuing with honours and pursuing a PhD. <br />
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/2d/Monash_Australia_Team_member_4.png" height="200px"></img></center><br />
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<td><br />
Daniel is a first year bachelor of Biomedical science student and on completion of his degree will be a biochemistry or molecuar biology major. Daniel will further his studies with a honours and eventually a PhD, and wishes to travel the world working for various laboratories as a Post doctoral research fellow.<br />
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/5/5b/Monash_Australia_Team_member_5.jpg" height="200px"></img></center><br />
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Ricky is a third year Bachelor of Science student majoring in Biochemistry and Molecular biology, and as of the beginning of 2010, also a first year engineering student looking at majoring in Chemical engineering. Upon graduation, with his knowledge of Biochemistry and Molecular biology and specialisation in Chemical engineering he wishes to find a niche between the two disciplines; participating in the igem competition is a great stepping stone.<br />
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<br />
== '''What we did''' ==<br />
<br />
For team Monash Australia we are currently balancing iGEM work with semester one and two of university, with the Jamboree around out end of year examinations. Due to this we have equally divided all work between us to help us juggle university study and iGEM project. Much of the iGEM project would have not been possible if it was not for the drive, energy and passion that both Ben and Andrew have given, Thanks guys.</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/TeamTeam:Monash Australia/Team2010-10-26T04:28:11Z<p>Grug: /* Who we are */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
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== '''Who we are''' ==<br />
'''Advisors:'''<br />
<HTML><br />
<Center><br />
<table border="0"><br />
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<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/64/Monash_Australia_Ash.jpg" height="200px" alt="Ash"</center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Assoc. Prof Ashley Buckle currently is running a lab in the Monash STRIP under the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology with research aimed at understanding how the structure and dynamics of proteins dictates their function. More information can be found at <a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/Lab">Buckle Lab</a><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/d/dc/Andrew_Perry.png" height="200px" alt="andrew"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Dr. Andrew Perry is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Whisstock lab, with research focusing on outer membrane pore forming proteins in mitochondria and bacteria. Structural biology and bioinformatics, protein structure by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X-ray crystallography.<br />
</td><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/b/b8/Monash_Australia_Llyod.jpg" height="200px" alt="lloyd"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Dr. Lloyd Low is a Postdoctoral researcher in Peter Boag's lab in the the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University. He is a former member of the Melbourne University iGEM team, and helped get us started at Monash.<br />
</td><br />
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'''Students:'''<br />
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<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/23/Monash_Australia_Team_member_1.png" height="200px" alt="Ben"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Ben is currently a second year Bachelor of Science student, Majoring in Biochemistry and molecular biology with a minor in Microbiology. Ben aspires to open up his own research and development company after graduating.<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/63/Monash_Australia_will.jpg" height="200px" width="200px" alt="will"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Will is a final year Bachelor of science student, with majors in 'Biochemistry' and 'Immnology and Human Pathology'. Will is currently seeking honours placement for 2011, and strives to earn a PhD scholarship.<br />
</td><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/69/Monash_Australia_Team_member_3.jpg" height="200px" alt="anna"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Anna is in her final year studying a Bachelor of Science with majors in Biochemistry and Physiology. She intends to further her studies by continuing with honours and pursuing a PhD. <br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/2d/Monash_Australia_Team_member_4.png" height="200px"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Daniel is a first year bachelor of Biomedical science student and on completion of his degree will be a biochemistry or molecuar biology major. Daniel will further his studies with a honours and eventually a PhD, and wishes to travel the world working for various laboratories as a Post doctoral research fellow.<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/5/5b/Monash_Australia_Team_member_5.jpg" height="200px"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td><br />
Ricky is a third year Bachelor of Science student majoring in Biochemistry and Molecular biology, and as of the beginning of 2010, also a first year engineering student looking at majoring in Chemical engineering. Upon graduation, with his knowledge of Biochemistry and Molecular biology and specialisation in Chemical engineering he wishes to find a niche between the two disciplines; participating in the igem competition is a great stepping stone.<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
</table><br />
</Center> <br />
</HTML><br />
<br />
== '''What we did''' ==<br />
<br />
For team Monash Australia we are currently balancing iGEM work with semester one and two of university, with the Jamboree around out end of year examinations. Due to this we have equally divided all work between us to help us juggle university study and iGEM project. Much of the iGEM project would have not been possible if it was not for the drive, energy and passion that both Ben and Andrew have given, Thanks guys.</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/TeamTeam:Monash Australia/Team2010-10-26T04:27:36Z<p>Grug: /* Who we are */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
== '''Who we are''' ==<br />
'''Advisors:'''<br />
<HTML><br />
<Center><br />
<table border="0"><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/64/Monash_Australia_Ash.jpg" height="200px" alt="Ash"</center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Assoc. Prof Ashley Buckle currently is running a lab in the Monash STRIP under the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology with research aimed at understanding how the structure and dynamics of proteins dictates their function. More information can be found at <a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/Lab">Buckle Lab</a><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/d/dc/Andrew_Perry.png" height="200px" alt="andrew"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Dr. Andrew Perry is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Whisstock lab, with research focusing on outer membrane pore forming proteins in mitochondria and bacteria. Structural biology and bioinformatics, protein structure by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X-ray crystallography.<br />
</td><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/b/b8/Monash_Australia_Llyod.jpg" height="200px" alt="lloyd"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Dr. Lloyd Low is a Postdoctoral researcher in Peter Boag's lab in the the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University. He is a former member of the Melbourne University iGEM team, and helped get us started at Monash.<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</HTML><br />
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'''Students:'''<br />
<br />
<HTML><br />
<Center><br />
<table border="0"><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/23/Monash_Australia_Team_member_1.png" height="200px" alt="Ben"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Ben is currently a second year Bachelor of Science student, Majoring in Biochemistry and molecular biology with a minor in Microbiology. Ben aspires to open up his own research and development company after graduating.<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/63/Monash_Australia_will.jpg" height="200px" alt="will"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Will is a final year Bachelor of science student, with majors in 'Biochemistry' and 'Immnology and Human Pathology'. Will is currently seeking honours placement for 2011, and strives to earn a PhD scholarship.<br />
</td><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/6/69/Monash_Australia_Team_member_3.jpg" height="200px" alt="anna"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Anna is in her final year studying a Bachelor of Science with majors in Biochemistry and Physiology. She intends to further her studies by continuing with honours and pursuing a PhD. <br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/2/2d/Monash_Australia_Team_member_4.png" height="200px"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<td><br />
Daniel is a first year bachelor of Biomedical science student and on completion of his degree will be a biochemistry or molecuar biology major. Daniel will further his studies with a honours and eventually a PhD, and wishes to travel the world working for various laboratories as a Post doctoral research fellow.<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/5/5b/Monash_Australia_Team_member_5.jpg" height="200px"></img></center><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td><br />
Ricky is a third year Bachelor of Science student majoring in Biochemistry and Molecular biology, and as of the beginning of 2010, also a first year engineering student looking at majoring in Chemical engineering. Upon graduation, with his knowledge of Biochemistry and Molecular biology and specialisation in Chemical engineering he wishes to find a niche between the two disciplines; participating in the igem competition is a great stepping stone.<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
</table><br />
</Center> <br />
</HTML><br />
<br />
== '''What we did''' ==<br />
<br />
For team Monash Australia we are currently balancing iGEM work with semester one and two of university, with the Jamboree around out end of year examinations. Due to this we have equally divided all work between us to help us juggle university study and iGEM project. Much of the iGEM project would have not been possible if it was not for the drive, energy and passion that both Ben and Andrew have given, Thanks guys.</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_will.jpgFile:Monash Australia will.jpg2010-10-26T04:26:36Z<p>Grug: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/SafetyTeam:Monash Australia/Safety2010-10-26T03:50:13Z<p>Grug: /* Do you have any other ideas how to deal with safety issues that could be useful for future iGEM competitions? How could parts, devices and systems be made even safer through biosafety engineering? */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
==Would any of your project ideas raise safety issues in terms of researcher, public or environmental safety?==<br />
In terms of public and environmental safety there are no issues which could arise due to the level of containment adhered to. The project has been given a classification of exempted dealings, which have guidelines on safety of equivalence to PC1 level containment however we are based in a PC2 laboratory (research within the Buckle lab require PC2), therefore superseding the requirements as per local legislation. Safety to researcher is low risk, with PC2 containment adhered to microbicidal infection is minimal. The only risk we have identified is the flammable nature of ethylene which is generally in a gases state therefore if ignition is to occur an explosion may occur. We have however are not expecting such a large build up of ethylene, and have/will be limiting the amount of ethylene produced by only culturing a smaller amount of bacteria. The laboratory also has sensors and alarms to dangerous levels of explosive atmosphere and is equipped with fume hood which we will be using during the stage of producing ethylene; the culture will be setup to run inside the fume hood in case of release or escape of ethylene gas.<br />
<br />
<b>Probability: </b><br />
* <u>Could there be an unplanned event or series of events involving your project, resulting in either death, injury, occupational illness, death, damage to equipment or property, or damage to the environment? How likely is that going to happen? </u><br />
Yes, however with the appropriate controls in place the risk is low.<br />
* <u>Does your project require the exposure or release of the engineered organism to people or the environment (e.g. as medicine, for bioremediation)?</u><br />
No <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Hazard:</b><br />
*<u>Could your device, when working properly, represent a hazard to people or the environment?</u><br />
No <br />
*<u>Is your engineered organism infectious? Does it produce a toxic product? Does it interfere with human physiology or the environment?</u><br />
Currently cyanide is a waste/by-product. It is not infectious, and should not interfere with human physiology. The environment should have minimal risk as the biobrick has a requirement for lactose (or lactose substitute) and Ascorbic acid. If the biobrick was to escape to the environment, it would ultimately be removed from the system as there is no selective pressure to maintain the antibiotic resistance encoded on the biobrick.<br />
*<u>What would happen if one or several bioparts change their function or stop working as intended (e.g. through mutation)? How would the whole device or system change its properties and what unintended effects would result thereof?</u><br />
The system requires lactose and ascorbic acid to function, if there is a constitutive activation due to mutation, the system is still limited to its environmental resources. If there is mutation to stop function, then the biobrick will cease to produce ethylene.<br />
*<u>What unintended effects could you foresee after your engineered organism is released to the environment?</u><br />
Most likely the plasmid will not be selectively produced, thus removing it from the system <br />
*<u>Try to think outside the box, what is the absolute worst case scenario for human health or the environment, that you could imagine.</u><br />
In the most extreme case microbes which pick up these plasmids somehow find a rich source of nutrients can produce lots of ethylene affecting; Plants which acting as a hormone cause inappropriate signaling, can cause death of plants, unnatural growth, premature ripening of fruit. Depending on where the microbes are located, small pockets of ethylene gas can build up and then explosion risk can occur. The bacteria, e. coli K-12 are unlikely to infect humans, and will not cause any potential pathology in humans [http://www.sgm.ac.uk/pubs/micro_today/pdf/080402.pdf Source].<br />
<br />
==Do any of the new BioBrick parts (or devices) that you made this year raise any safety issues?==<br />
Apart from the mentioned above, our BioBrick parts or devices do not have any saftey concerns.<br />
<br />
==Is there a local biosafety group, committee, or review board at your institution?==<br />
* <u>If yes, what does your local biosafety group think about your project?</u><br />
Our (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) biosaftey officer, Associate Professor Martin Stone, and the Biosafey Committee has approved the project and has informed us the project is classified under exempted dealings through Monash University, which the committee has noted we only require to follow PC1 containment as a guideline. ([http://www.monash.edu.au/researchoffice/biosafety/exempt.html Link to Monash Guidelines])<br />
*<u> If no, which specific biosafety rules or guidelines do you have to consider in your country? </u><br />
Under Australian legislation, the project is again classified under exempted dealings . The legislation requires the project to be undertaken within PC1 containment as a guideline, which we are superseding with PC2 containment within the Buckle Lab. ([http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/Content/exemptdealclass-2 Link to Legislation])<br />
<br />
==Do you have any other ideas how to deal with safety issues that could be useful for future iGEM competitions? How could parts, devices and systems be made even safer through biosafety engineering?==<br />
Engineer within the standard part common to all biobricks an 'kill/sucide' switch, in case where organism escapes and causes saftey concern</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/SafetyTeam:Monash Australia/Safety2010-10-26T03:47:53Z<p>Grug: /* Do any of the new BioBrick parts (or devices) that you made this year raise any safety issues? */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
==Would any of your project ideas raise safety issues in terms of researcher, public or environmental safety?==<br />
In terms of public and environmental safety there are no issues which could arise due to the level of containment adhered to. The project has been given a classification of exempted dealings, which have guidelines on safety of equivalence to PC1 level containment however we are based in a PC2 laboratory (research within the Buckle lab require PC2), therefore superseding the requirements as per local legislation. Safety to researcher is low risk, with PC2 containment adhered to microbicidal infection is minimal. The only risk we have identified is the flammable nature of ethylene which is generally in a gases state therefore if ignition is to occur an explosion may occur. We have however are not expecting such a large build up of ethylene, and have/will be limiting the amount of ethylene produced by only culturing a smaller amount of bacteria. The laboratory also has sensors and alarms to dangerous levels of explosive atmosphere and is equipped with fume hood which we will be using during the stage of producing ethylene; the culture will be setup to run inside the fume hood in case of release or escape of ethylene gas.<br />
<br />
<b>Probability: </b><br />
* <u>Could there be an unplanned event or series of events involving your project, resulting in either death, injury, occupational illness, death, damage to equipment or property, or damage to the environment? How likely is that going to happen? </u><br />
Yes, however with the appropriate controls in place the risk is low.<br />
* <u>Does your project require the exposure or release of the engineered organism to people or the environment (e.g. as medicine, for bioremediation)?</u><br />
No <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Hazard:</b><br />
*<u>Could your device, when working properly, represent a hazard to people or the environment?</u><br />
No <br />
*<u>Is your engineered organism infectious? Does it produce a toxic product? Does it interfere with human physiology or the environment?</u><br />
Currently cyanide is a waste/by-product. It is not infectious, and should not interfere with human physiology. The environment should have minimal risk as the biobrick has a requirement for lactose (or lactose substitute) and Ascorbic acid. If the biobrick was to escape to the environment, it would ultimately be removed from the system as there is no selective pressure to maintain the antibiotic resistance encoded on the biobrick.<br />
*<u>What would happen if one or several bioparts change their function or stop working as intended (e.g. through mutation)? How would the whole device or system change its properties and what unintended effects would result thereof?</u><br />
The system requires lactose and ascorbic acid to function, if there is a constitutive activation due to mutation, the system is still limited to its environmental resources. If there is mutation to stop function, then the biobrick will cease to produce ethylene.<br />
*<u>What unintended effects could you foresee after your engineered organism is released to the environment?</u><br />
Most likely the plasmid will not be selectively produced, thus removing it from the system <br />
*<u>Try to think outside the box, what is the absolute worst case scenario for human health or the environment, that you could imagine.</u><br />
In the most extreme case microbes which pick up these plasmids somehow find a rich source of nutrients can produce lots of ethylene affecting; Plants which acting as a hormone cause inappropriate signaling, can cause death of plants, unnatural growth, premature ripening of fruit. Depending on where the microbes are located, small pockets of ethylene gas can build up and then explosion risk can occur. The bacteria, e. coli K-12 are unlikely to infect humans, and will not cause any potential pathology in humans [http://www.sgm.ac.uk/pubs/micro_today/pdf/080402.pdf Source].<br />
<br />
==Do any of the new BioBrick parts (or devices) that you made this year raise any safety issues?==<br />
Apart from the mentioned above, our BioBrick parts or devices do not have any saftey concerns.<br />
<br />
==Is there a local biosafety group, committee, or review board at your institution?==<br />
* <u>If yes, what does your local biosafety group think about your project?</u><br />
Our (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) biosaftey officer, Associate Professor Martin Stone, and the Biosafey Committee has approved the project and has informed us the project is classified under exempted dealings through Monash University, which the committee has noted we only require to follow PC1 containment as a guideline. ([http://www.monash.edu.au/researchoffice/biosafety/exempt.html Link to Monash Guidelines])<br />
*<u> If no, which specific biosafety rules or guidelines do you have to consider in your country? </u><br />
Under Australian legislation, the project is again classified under exempted dealings . The legislation requires the project to be undertaken within PC1 containment as a guideline, which we are superseding with PC2 containment within the Buckle Lab. ([http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/Content/exemptdealclass-2 Link to Legislation])<br />
<br />
==Do you have any other ideas how to deal with safety issues that could be useful for future iGEM competitions? How could parts, devices and systems be made even safer through biosafety engineering?==<br />
aaaaaaa</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-21T21:55:03Z<p>Grug: /* In simplier terms */</p>
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<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}<br />
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<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods, which can reduce the impact of producing plastics has on the enviroment. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
==In simplier terms==<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_bottledwater.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)]]<br />
For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. This figure exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product and ethylene based product there is a huge amount of oil required. We can not completely stop the use of plastic, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By genetically engineering <i>Escherichia coli</i> to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive and a heavily polluting process (CO2 and NOx production). We also decrease the reliance on mining oil, which can lead to disastrous oil spills, such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident, which can affect the livelihood of many families, the impact it has on the environment, economic loss, and the destruction of wildlife. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])<br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]]<br />
We attempted to use the plant ethylene biosynthesis pathway machinery to genetically engineer <i>Escherichia coli</i> to produce ethylene by the same pathway. The ultimate goal of the project is to remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in <i>E. coli</i>.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_modeling.png|200px|thumb|left|Metabolic modeling of the desired reaction in an '<i>E. coli</i>' cell]]<br />
<br />
The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-18T02:43:10Z<p>Grug: /* Overall project */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods, which can reduce the impact of producing plastics has on the enviroment. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
==In simplier terms==<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_bottledwater.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)]]<br />
For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product; soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc there is a huge amount of energy and carbon dioxide produced. We can not completely stop the use of plastic bottles, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic bottles, and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By using E. coli to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive process. We also decrease the reliance on mining oil which can lead to disastrous oil spills, such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident, which can affect the livelihood of many families, the impact it has on the environment, economic loss, and the destruction of wildlife. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])<br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-18T02:41:55Z<p>Grug: /* In simplier terms */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
==In simplier terms==<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_bottledwater.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)]]<br />
For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product; soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc there is a huge amount of energy and carbon dioxide produced. We can not completely stop the use of plastic bottles, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic bottles, and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By using E. coli to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive process. We also decrease the reliance on mining oil which can lead to disastrous oil spills, such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident, which can affect the livelihood of many families, the impact it has on the environment, economic loss, and the destruction of wildlife. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])<br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-18T02:41:17Z<p>Grug: /* In simplier terms */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
==In simplier terms==<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_bottledwater.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Bottled water]]<br />
For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product; soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc there is a huge amount of energy and carbon dioxide produced. We can not completely stop the use of plastic bottles, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic bottles, and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By using E. coli to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive process. We also decrease the reliance on mining oil which can lead to disastrous oil spills, such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident, which can affect the livelihood of many families, the impact it has on the environment, economic loss, and the destruction of wildlife. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])<br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-18T02:40:37Z<p>Grug: /* In simplier terms */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
==In simplier terms==<br />
[Image:Monash_Australia_bottledwater.jpg]<br />
For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product; soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc there is a huge amount of energy and carbon dioxide produced. We can not completely stop the use of plastic bottles, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic bottles, and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By using E. coli to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive process. We also decrease the reliance on mining oil which can lead to disastrous oil spills, such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident, which can affect the livelihood of many families, the impact it has on the environment, economic loss, and the destruction of wildlife. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])<br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_bottledwater.jpgFile:Monash Australia bottledwater.jpg2010-10-18T02:39:42Z<p>Grug: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sparkling-bottled-water.jpg</p>
<hr />
<div>http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sparkling-bottled-water.jpg</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Sparkling-bottled-water.jpgFile:Sparkling-bottled-water.jpg2010-10-18T02:39:19Z<p>Grug: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sparkling-bottled-water.jpg</p>
<hr />
<div>http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sparkling-bottled-water.jpg</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProjectTemplate:Team:Monash Australia/NavProject2010-10-18T02:32:47Z<p>Grug: </p>
<hr />
<div><html><br />
<br />
<body><br />
<center><br />
<table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0"> <br />
<tr> <br />
<td><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/Project#Overall_project"><u>Overall project</u></a><br />
</td> <br />
<td><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/Project#So_what_are_the_more_common_items_we_can_relate_to.3F"><u>Ethylene products we can relate to</u></a><br />
</td><br />
<td><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/Project#In_simplier_terms"><u>In simpler terms</u></a></td> <br />
<td><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/Project#Experimental_plan"><u>Experimental plan</u></a><br />
</td> <br />
<td><a href="https://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/Project#Results"><u>Results</u></a></td> <br />
</td> <br />
<br />
</td> <br />
</tr> <br />
</table> <br />
</center><br />
</body> <br />
<br />
<br />
</html></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-18T02:31:27Z<p>Grug: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
==In simplier terms==<br />
For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product; soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc there is a huge amount of energy and carbon dioxide produced. We can not completely stop the use of plastic bottles, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic bottles, and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By using E. coli to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive process. We also decrease the reliance on mining oil which can lead to disastrous oil spills, such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident, which can affect the livelihood of many families, the impact it has on the environment, economic loss, and the destruction of wildlife. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])<br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-18T02:31:08Z<p>Grug: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
==In simplier terms==<br />
For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product; soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc there is a huge amount of energy and carbon dioxide produced. We can not completely stop the use of plastic bottles, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic bottles, and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By using E. coli to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive process. We also decrease the reliance on mining oil which can lead to disastrous oil spills, such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident, which can affect the livelihood of many families, the impact it has on the environment, economic loss, and the destruction of wildlife. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])<br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_sponsor_micro.jpgFile:Monash sponsor micro.jpg2010-10-18T02:28:01Z<p>Grug: uploaded a new version of "Image:Monash sponsor micro.jpg"</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/SponsorsTeam:Monash Australia/Sponsors2010-10-18T02:26:27Z<p>Grug: /* Sponsors */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
==Sponsors==<br />
<HTML><br />
<Center><br />
<table border="1"><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/3c/Monash_Australia_Sponsor_buckle.jpg" width="300px" height="200px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/biochem/">Buckle Laboratory<br>Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology</a></center><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/e/e3/Monash_Australia_Sponsor_bch.jpg" width="300px" height="200px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/">Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology<Br>Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences</a></center><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/4/44/Monash_sponsor_micro.jpg" width="300px" height="200px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/">Department of Microbiology<Br>Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences</a></center><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/0/07/Monash_Australia_sponsor2.png" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/">Office of The Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education)</a></center><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://www.geneart.com/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/34/MonashGeneARTlogo.png"></a></center><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://mrgene.com/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/8/87/MonashMRGENElogo.png" ></a></center><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</Center> <br />
</HTML></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/SponsorsTeam:Monash Australia/Sponsors2010-10-18T02:26:08Z<p>Grug: /* Sponsors */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
==Sponsors==<br />
<HTML><br />
<Center><br />
<table border="1"><br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/3c/Monash_Australia_Sponsor_buckle.jpg" width="300px" height="200px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/biochem/">Buckle Laboratory<br>Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology</a></center><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/e/e3/Monash_Australia_Sponsor_bch.jpg" width="300px" height="200px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/">Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology<Br>Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences</a></center><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/4/44/Monash_sponsor_micro.jpg" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/">Department of Microbiology<Br>Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences</a></center><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/0/07/Monash_Australia_sponsor2.png" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/">Office of The Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education)</a></center><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://www.geneart.com/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/34/MonashGeneARTlogo.png"></a></center><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td><br />
<center><a href="http://mrgene.com/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/8/87/MonashMRGENElogo.png" ></a></center><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</Center> <br />
</HTML></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_sponsor_micro.jpgFile:Monash sponsor micro.jpg2010-10-18T02:25:36Z<p>Grug: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-18T02:01:12Z<p>Grug: /* In simplier terms */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
==In simplier terms==<br />
For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product; soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc there is a huge amount of energy and carbon dioxide produced. We can not completely stop the use of plastic bottles, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic bottles, and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By using E. coli to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive process. We also decrease the reliance on mining oil which can lead to disastrous oil spills, such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident, which can affect the livelihood of many families, the impact it has on the environment, economic loss, and the destruction of wildlife. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])<br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-18T01:58:44Z<p>Grug: /* In simplier terms */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
==In simplier terms==<br />
For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product; soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc there is a huge amount of energy and carbon dioxide produced. We can not completely stop the use of plastic bottles, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic bottles, and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By using E. coli to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive process. We also decrease the reliance on mining oil which can lead to disastrous oil spills such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance])<br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-18T01:58:29Z<p>Grug: /* So what are the more common items we can relate to? */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/NavProject}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
==In simplier terms==<br />
For something we can relate to, we can use the example of Bottled water. The polymer used to create bottle is Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and according to the Pacific Institute and bottled water alliance, over 15,000 tonnes of PET was used in packaging bottled water in 2009-10 in Australia, The manufacture of one tonne of PET produces about three tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, equating to over 45,000 tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere. To manufacture the PET, approximately 53 million litres of oil was used in 2009-10 in the production of bottles for water in Australia. These figures exclude mining and transportation of crude materials. These figures are only for bottled water, when you take into account every other bottled product; soft drinks, fruit juice, sport drinks, milk, etc there is a huge amount of energy and carbon dioxide produced. We can not completely stop the use of plastic bottles, in fact it is probably impossible to imagine life without plastic bottles, and we therefore were inspired to find a way to provide the precursor at a much lower impact to the planet. By using E. coli to produce ethylene, we remove the need and risks of mining and processing oil, and the extraction/production of ethylene which is a energy intensive process. We also decrease the reliance on mining oil which can lead to disastrous oil spills such as the recent Gulf of Mexico incident. (Sources: [http://www.pacinst.org/topics/water_and_sustainability/bottled_water/bottled_water_and_energy.html The Pacific Institute] and [http://www.bottledwateralliance.com/ The bottled Water Alliance]<br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_AustraliaTeam:Monash Australia2010-10-06T07:32:43Z<p>Grug: /* Monash iGEM 2010 project description */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
== Monash iGEM 2010 project description ==<br />
<br />
The 2010 Monash University iGEM team has decided to undertake a project by which we shall genetically engineer <i>E. coli</i> to produce ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is the most produced organic compound in the world and its products are found in almost every corner of the planet; One of the major uses of ethylene is production of Polyethylene or more commonly plastic. Current production methods involve heating crude oil up to 900 °C (1,652 °F) and passing through saturated steam in a process called steam cracking. This method is extremely energy intensive which requires the production of greenhouse gases.<br />
<br />
We aim to develop a plasmid for e. <i>Coli</i> that will allow for production of ethylene at room temperature and from commonly available feedstock that is rich in L-Methionine. We analysed various pathways to the production of ethylene and found that the Yang cycle in plants is the best choice for us. Due to time and monetary constraints we have taken the first three enzymes from this pathway which leads to the production of ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
We believe that this project may be useful as a more energy efficient pathway to ethylene production in a post-fossil fuel economy, and may inspire other scientists to develop cleaner production methods involving biological systems for other fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<br />
<center><br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpg]]<br />
</center></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_AustraliaTeam:Monash Australia2010-10-06T07:32:32Z<p>Grug: /* Monash iGEM 2010 project description */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
== Monash iGEM 2010 project description ==<br />
<br />
The 2010 Monash University iGEM team has decided to undertake a project by which we shall genetically engineer <i>E. coli</i> to produce ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is the most produced organic compound in the world and its products are found in almost every corner of the planet; One of the major uses of ethylene is production of Polyethylene or more commonly plastic. Current production methods involve heating crude oil up to 900 °C (1,652 °F) and passing through saturated steam in a process called steam cracking. This method is extremely energy intensive which requires the production of greenhouse gases.<br />
<br />
We aim to develop a plasmid for e. <i>Coli</i> that will allow for production of ethylene at room temperature and from commonly available feedstock that is rich in L-Methionine. We analysed various pathways to the production of ethylene and found that the Yang cycle in plants is the best choice for us. Due to time and monetary constraints we have taken the first three enzymes from this pathway which leads to the production of ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
We believe that this project may be useful as a more energy efficient pathway to ethylene production in a post-fossil fuel economy, and may inspire other scientists to develop cleaner production methods involving biological systems for other fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<br />
<center><br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpg|Ecoli image]]<br />
</center></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpgFile:Monash Australia Ecoli.jpg2010-10-06T07:32:14Z<p>Grug: uploaded a new version of "Image:Monash Australia Ecoli.jpg": Adapted from http://www.jimonlight.com/2009/10/29/luke-jerrams-glass-infectious-diseases/ under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpgFile:Monash Australia Ecoli.jpg2010-10-06T07:31:26Z<p>Grug: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_AustraliaTeam:Monash Australia2010-10-06T07:31:08Z<p>Grug: /* Monash iGEM 2010 project description */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
== Monash iGEM 2010 project description ==<br />
<br />
The 2010 Monash University iGEM team has decided to undertake a project by which we shall genetically engineer <i>E. coli</i> to produce ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is the most produced organic compound in the world and its products are found in almost every corner of the planet; One of the major uses of ethylene is production of Polyethylene or more commonly plastic. Current production methods involve heating crude oil up to 900 °C (1,652 °F) and passing through saturated steam in a process called steam cracking. This method is extremely energy intensive which requires the production of greenhouse gases.<br />
<br />
We aim to develop a plasmid for e. <i>Coli</i> that will allow for production of ethylene at room temperature and from commonly available feedstock that is rich in L-Methionine. We analysed various pathways to the production of ethylene and found that the Yang cycle in plants is the best choice for us. Due to time and monetary constraints we have taken the first three enzymes from this pathway which leads to the production of ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
We believe that this project may be useful as a more energy efficient pathway to ethylene production in a post-fossil fuel economy, and may inspire other scientists to develop cleaner production methods involving biological systems for other fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<br />
<center><br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpg|400px|Ecoli image]]<br />
</center></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_AustraliaTeam:Monash Australia2010-10-06T07:28:48Z<p>Grug: /* Monash iGEM 2010 project description */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
== Monash iGEM 2010 project description ==<br />
<br />
The 2010 Monash University iGEM team has decided to undertake a project by which we shall genetically engineer <i>E. coli</i> to produce ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is the most produced organic compound in the world and its products are found in almost every corner of the planet; One of the major uses of ethylene is production of Polyethylene or more commonly plastic. Current production methods involve heating crude oil up to 900 °C (1,652 °F) and passing through saturated steam in a process called steam cracking. This method is extremely energy intensive which requires the production of greenhouse gases.<br />
<br />
We aim to develop a plasmid for e. <i>Coli</i> that will allow for production of ethylene at room temperature and from commonly available feedstock that is rich in L-Methionine. We analysed various pathways to the production of ethylene and found that the Yang cycle in plants is the best choice for us. Due to time and monetary constraints we have taken the first three enzymes from this pathway which leads to the production of ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
We believe that this project may be useful as a more energy efficient pathway to ethylene production in a post-fossil fuel economy, and may inspire other scientists to develop cleaner production methods involving biological systems for other fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<br />
<center><br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpg|400px|Ecoli image]]<br />
</center></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_AustraliaTeam:Monash Australia2010-10-06T07:26:53Z<p>Grug: /* Monash iGEM 2010 project description */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
== Monash iGEM 2010 project description ==<br />
<br />
The 2010 Monash University iGEM team has decided to undertake a project by which we shall genetically engineer <i>E. coli</i> to produce ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is the most produced organic compound in the world and its products are found in almost every corner of the planet; One of the major uses of ethylene is production of Polyethylene or more commonly plastic. Current production methods involve heating crude oil up to 900 °C (1,652 °F) and passing through saturated steam in a process called steam cracking. This method is extremely energy intensive which requires the production of greenhouse gases.<br />
<br />
We aim to develop a plasmid for e. <i>Coli</i> that will allow for production of ethylene at room temperature and from commonly available feedstock that is rich in L-Methionine. We analysed various pathways to the production of ethylene and found that the Yang cycle in plants is the best choice for us. Due to time and monetary constraints we have taken the first three enzymes from this pathway which leads to the production of ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
We believe that this project may be useful as a more energy efficient pathway to ethylene production in a post-fossil fuel economy, and may inspire other scientists to develop cleaner production methods involving biological systems for other fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<br />
<center><br />
[[image:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpg|400px|Ecoli image]]<br />
</center></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_AustraliaTeam:Monash Australia2010-10-06T07:25:42Z<p>Grug: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
== Monash iGEM 2010 project description ==<br />
<br />
The 2010 Monash University iGEM team has decided to undertake a project by which we shall genetically engineer <i>E. coli</i> to produce ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is the most produced organic compound in the world and its products are found in almost every corner of the planet; One of the major uses of ethylene is production of Polyethylene or more commonly plastic. Current production methods involve heating crude oil up to 900 °C (1,652 °F) and passing through saturated steam in a process called steam cracking. This method is extremely energy intensive which requires the production of greenhouse gases.<br />
<br />
We aim to develop a plasmid for e. <i>Coli</i> that will allow for production of ethylene at room temperature and from commonly available feedstock that is rich in L-Methionine. We analysed various pathways to the production of ethylene and found that the Yang cycle in plants is the best choice for us. Due to time and monetary constraints we have taken the first three enzymes from this pathway which leads to the production of ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
We believe that this project may be useful as a more energy efficient pathway to ethylene production in a post-fossil fuel economy, and may inspire other scientists to develop cleaner production methods involving biological systems for other fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<br />
<center><br />
[[image:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpg|400px|test]]<br />
</center></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_AustraliaTeam:Monash Australia2010-10-06T07:25:04Z<p>Grug: /* Monash iGEM 2010 project description */</p>
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<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
== Monash iGEM 2010 project description ==<br />
<br />
The 2010 Monash University iGEM team has decided to undertake a project by which we shall genetically engineer <i>E. coli</i> to produce ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is the most produced organic compound in the world and its products are found in almost every corner of the planet; One of the major uses of ethylene is production of Polyethylene or more commonly plastic. Current production methods involve heating crude oil up to 900 °C (1,652 °F) and passing through saturated steam in a process called steam cracking. This method is extremely energy intensive which requires the production of greenhouse gases.<br />
<br />
We aim to develop a plasmid for e. <i>Coli</i> that will allow for production of ethylene at room temperature and from commonly available feedstock that is rich in L-Methionine. We analysed various pathways to the production of ethylene and found that the Yang cycle in plants is the best choice for us. Due to time and monetary constraints we have taken the first three enzymes from this pathway which leads to the production of ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
We believe that this project may be useful as a more energy efficient pathway to ethylene production in a post-fossil fuel economy, and may inspire other scientists to develop cleaner production methods involving biological systems for other fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[image:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpg|400px|test]]</center></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_AustraliaTeam:Monash Australia2010-10-06T07:24:14Z<p>Grug: /* Monash iGEM 2010 project description */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
== Monash iGEM 2010 project description ==<br />
<br />
The 2010 Monash University iGEM team has decided to undertake a project by which we shall genetically engineer <i>E. coli</i> to produce ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is the most produced organic compound in the world and its products are found in almost every corner of the planet; One of the major uses of ethylene is production of Polyethylene or more commonly plastic. Current production methods involve heating crude oil up to 900 °C (1,652 °F) and passing through saturated steam in a process called steam cracking. This method is extremely energy intensive which requires the production of greenhouse gases.<br />
<br />
We aim to develop a plasmid for e. <i>Coli</i> that will allow for production of ethylene at room temperature and from commonly available feedstock that is rich in L-Methionine. We analysed various pathways to the production of ethylene and found that the Yang cycle in plants is the best choice for us. Due to time and monetary constraints we have taken the first three enzymes from this pathway which leads to the production of ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
We believe that this project may be useful as a more energy efficient pathway to ethylene production in a post-fossil fuel economy, and may inspire other scientists to develop cleaner production methods involving biological systems for other fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[image:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpg]]</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_AustraliaTeam:Monash Australia2010-10-06T07:24:01Z<p>Grug: /* Monash iGEM 2010 project description */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Team:Monash_Australia/Nav2}}<br />
<br />
== Monash iGEM 2010 project description ==<br />
<br />
The 2010 Monash University iGEM team has decided to undertake a project by which we shall genetically engineer <i>E. coli</i> to produce ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is the most produced organic compound in the world and its products are found in almost every corner of the planet; One of the major uses of ethylene is production of Polyethylene or more commonly plastic. Current production methods involve heating crude oil up to 900 °C (1,652 °F) and passing through saturated steam in a process called steam cracking. This method is extremely energy intensive which requires the production of greenhouse gases.<br />
<br />
We aim to develop a plasmid for e. <i>Coli</i> that will allow for production of ethylene at room temperature and from commonly available feedstock that is rich in L-Methionine. We analysed various pathways to the production of ethylene and found that the Yang cycle in plants is the best choice for us. Due to time and monetary constraints we have taken the first three enzymes from this pathway which leads to the production of ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
We believe that this project may be useful as a more energy efficient pathway to ethylene production in a post-fossil fuel economy, and may inspire other scientists to develop cleaner production methods involving biological systems for other fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<br />
[image:Monash_Australia_Ecoli.jpg]</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/SponsorsTeam:Monash Australia/Sponsors2010-10-06T06:29:45Z<p>Grug: /* Sponsors */</p>
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==Sponsors==<br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/3c/Monash_Australia_Sponsor_buckle.jpg" width="300px" height="200px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/biochem/">Buckle Laboratory<br>Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology</a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/e/e3/Monash_Australia_Sponsor_bch.jpg" width="300px" height="200px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/">Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology<Br>Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences</a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/1/1d/Monash_Australia_sponsor.png" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/">Department of Microbiology<Br>Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences</a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/0/07/Monash_Australia_sponsor2.png" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/">Office of The Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education)</a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.geneart.com/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/34/MonashGeneARTlogo.png"></a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://mrgene.com/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/8/87/MonashMRGENElogo.png" ></a></center><br />
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</HTML></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/SponsorsTeam:Monash Australia/Sponsors2010-10-06T06:29:02Z<p>Grug: /* Sponsors */</p>
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==Sponsors==<br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/3c/Monash_Australia_Sponsor_buckle.jpg" width="300px" height="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/biochem/">Buckle Laboratory<br>Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology</a></center><br />
</td><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/e/e3/Monash_Australia_Sponsor_bch.jpg" width="300px" height="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/">Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology<Br>Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences</a></center><br />
</td><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/1/1d/Monash_Australia_sponsor.png" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/">Department of Microbiology<Br>Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences</a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/0/07/Monash_Australia_sponsor2.png" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/">Office of The Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education)</a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.geneart.com/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/34/MonashGeneARTlogo.png"></a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://mrgene.com/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/8/87/MonashMRGENElogo.png" ></a></center><br />
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</HTML></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/SponsorsTeam:Monash Australia/Sponsors2010-10-06T06:28:10Z<p>Grug: /* Sponsors */</p>
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==Sponsors==<br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/3c/Monash_Australia_Sponsor_buckle.jpg" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/biochem/">Buckle Laboratory<br>Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology</a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/e/e3/Monash_Australia_Sponsor_bch.jpg" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/">Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology<Br>Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences</a></center><br />
</td><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/1/1d/Monash_Australia_sponsor.png" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.med.monash.edu.au/">Department of Microbiology<Br>Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences</a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/0/07/Monash_Australia_sponsor2.png" width="300px"></a><br><a href="http://www.monash.edu.au/">Office of The Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education)</a></center><br />
</td><br />
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<center><a href="http://www.geneart.com/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/3/34/MonashGeneARTlogo.png"></a></center><br />
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<center><a href="http://mrgene.com/"><img border="0" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2010/8/87/MonashMRGENElogo.png" ></a></center><br />
</td><br />
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</HTML></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_Sponsor_buckle.jpgFile:Monash Australia Sponsor buckle.jpg2010-10-06T06:27:55Z<p>Grug: </p>
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<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_Sponsor_bch.jpgFile:Monash Australia Sponsor bch.jpg2010-10-06T06:27:27Z<p>Grug: </p>
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<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/ProjectTeam:Monash Australia/Project2010-10-06T06:17:45Z<p>Grug: /* So what are the more common items we can relate to? */</p>
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<div>__NOTOC__<br />
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<br />
== '''Overall project''' ==<br />
<br />
Monash University having a heavy movement to reduce the impact humans have on the planet has inspired our first iGEM project. After some initial research, we pondered on the concept of degrading plastics or cellulose into useable components. After discovering this has been a heavy focus by a number of different groups and past iGEM teams, so we then decidesd to look into producing some sort of useful product. After some investigation, we found that ethylene is a heavily used organic compound that is also naturally produced by plants. With our heavy reliance on this compound for plastics and in the food industry, we believe that it may be possible to develop a system that one day could be capable of replacing current production methods. <br />
<br />
<b>So what is ethylene used for?</b><br><br />
Just about anywhere you go in the world you can find an ethylene based product. Just about everything you do today will have you come in contact or has come in contact with a ethylene based product. One of the most common ethylene based product is the water bottle. They come in all different shapes and sizes and can be found in every country in the world. Ethylene can be polymerised to create products such as; detergents, plasticisers, synthetic lubricants and additives, but also as co-monomers in the production of polyethylenes; Oxidised to create surfactants and detergents, and ethylene glycol; Halogenation and hydrohalogenation to produce products PVC, Polyvinylidene chloride and ethyl bromide; Alkylation to produce styrene; and itself used as a fuel source and to ripen fruit.<br />
<br />
<b>How do we make ethylene</b><br><br />
To produce ethylene there is a huge requirement of energy, Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking. In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions (−157 °C). This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. The average ethtlene producing plant requires 34,000 kW cracked gas compressor, a 22,000 kW propylene compressor, and a 11,000 kW ethylene compressor, equating to a huge amount of energy required. Currently the main source of ethylene is from distilation of crude oil and natural gas, as well as catalytic steam cracking which precusors are again fossil fuels.<br />
<br />
<b>How do plants make ethylene</b><br><br />
Plants also create ethylene. Ethylene is a plant hormone, which can induce plants to grow and fruit to ripen. in plants the biosynthesis of the ethylene occurs in three steps and starts with conversion of the amino acid methionine to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) by the enzyme SAM synthase. SAM is then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) by the enzyme ACC synthase. The final step involves the action of the enzyme ACC-oxidase to oxidiase ACC to ethylene.<br />
<br />
<br />
==So what are the more common items we can relate to?==<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LLDPE.png|Linear Low Density Polyethylene - Plastic wrap<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_LDPE.png|Low Density Polyethylene - Soft Plastic Bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_MDPE.png|Medium Density Polyethylene - Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_HDPE.png|High Density Polyethylene - Hard Plastic bottles<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.png|Ultra High molecular weight Polyethylene - Bullet proof vests<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_pvc.png|PVC (polyvinal chloride)- Pipes<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_polystryene.png|Polystryene - Packing material and insulation <br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Ethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center><br />
<br />
== Experimental plan ==<br />
<br />
We set out to attempt to use the plant ethylene synthesis machinery in e. coli to make e. coli into ethylene producing factories, therefore remove the need for the high energy steam cracking process and decrease the reliance of fossil fuels to produce ethylene. The main benefit of our design is that once the ethylene is captured, it can be directly feed back into exhisting petrochemical infrastructure, therefore economically speaking there would not be a need for job losses through finding a new source of ethylene.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Monash_Australia_Yang-cycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Yang cycle]] The Yang Cycle otherwise known as Methionine cycle is a biosynthesis cycle using methionine as a base molecule to produce several different products. We plan to clone three enzymes, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase from apple and tomato plants and express them together in e. coli, with a methionine rich media in an attempt to produce ethylene producing e. coli.[[Image:Blah.jpg|200px|thumb|right|desired reaction in an 'e.coli' cell]] The three key enzymes we require are highlighted in the image, SAM synthase, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. SAM synthase converts methionine into S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM), using ATP for an adensoyl group. The second step involves ACC synthase, which cleaves the amino butyrate from SAM, releasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Released ACC is then processed by ACC Oxidase which converts ACC to ethylene by cleaving the carboxylic acid off as carbon dioxide and its neighboring carbon with the amino group as cyanide gas. By using such a system to produce ethyene gas we can potentially reduce costs involved with current production methods by reducing temperature requirements by 30 fold.<br />
<br />
For future iGEMers these biobricks can potentially be used for future project involving cellular signalling through ethylene production and ethylene receptors, which can be cloned from plants.<br />
<br />
== Results ==</div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_pvc.pngFile:Monash Australia pvc.png2010-10-06T06:15:28Z<p>Grug: uploaded a new version of "Image:Monash Australia pvc.png": Photo from uberculture's Flickr Photostream, http://www.flickr.com/photos/uberculture/</p>
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<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_UHMWPE.pngFile:Monash Australia UHMWPE.png2010-10-06T06:08:35Z<p>Grug: uploaded a new version of "Image:Monash Australia UHMWPE.png": Derived from 0920070929a.jpg retrieved from Jayel Aheram's flickr Photostream http://www.flickr.com/photos/aheram/</p>
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<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/GalleryTeam:Monash Australia/Gallery2010-10-04T23:36:25Z<p>Grug: /* Gallery */</p>
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==Gallery==<br />
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<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_andrewlab.jpg|Andrew pumping up the beats<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_Annalab.jpg|We couldn't give Anna a smaller lab coat<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_bendesign.jpg|Ben Getting some notes on the design from Andrews office<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_Benlab.jpg|Ben trying to look like he is doing work<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_BigDaddy.jpg|Ben having fun with Big Daddy<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_bunsen.jpg|Will making up agar plates<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_freezer.jpg|Our -80oC Freezer<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_freezerlove.jpg|We couldn't get photo of frost blowing out of the freezer that Ben loved so much he hugged it instead<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_scales.jpg|Daniel measuring up some white powder, No not to sniff!<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_gel.jpg|Hope it worked.....<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_fluro.jpg|At least something turned out right<br />
</gallery><br />
</center></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_fluro.jpgFile:Monash Australia fluro.jpg2010-10-04T23:36:21Z<p>Grug: </p>
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<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_gel.jpgFile:Monash Australia gel.jpg2010-10-04T23:35:48Z<p>Grug: </p>
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<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_scales.jpgFile:Monash Australia scales.jpg2010-10-04T23:34:28Z<p>Grug: </p>
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<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_wil.jpgFile:Monash Australia wil.jpg2010-10-04T23:33:43Z<p>Grug: </p>
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<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_freezerlove.jpgFile:Monash Australia freezerlove.jpg2010-10-04T23:32:35Z<p>Grug: </p>
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<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/Team:Monash_Australia/GalleryTeam:Monash Australia/Gallery2010-10-04T23:32:04Z<p>Grug: /* Gallery */</p>
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<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<br />
<Center><br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Monash_Australia_andrewlab.jpg|Andrew pumping up the beats<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_Annalab.jpg|We couldn't give Anna a smaller lab coat<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_bendesign.jpg|Ben Getting some notes on the design from Andrews office<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_Benlab.jpg|Ben trying to look like he is doing work<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_BigDaddy.jpg|Ben having fun with Big Daddy<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_bunsen.jpg|Will making up agar plates<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_freezer.jpg|Our -80oC Freezer<br />
Image:Monash_Australia_antifreeze.png|Polyethylene Glycol - Anti-Freeze<br />
</gallery><br />
</center></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_freezer.jpgFile:Monash Australia freezer.jpg2010-10-04T23:31:51Z<p>Grug: </p>
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<div></div>Grughttp://2010.igem.org/File:Monash_Australia_bunsen.jpgFile:Monash Australia bunsen.jpg2010-10-04T23:31:16Z<p>Grug: uploaded a new version of "Image:Monash Australia bunsen.jpg"</p>
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<div></div>Grug