From 2010.igem.org

Biology & Wet Lab: Overview

Molecular mechanism of E. lemming. A light-sensitive dimerizing complex fused to proteins of the chemotaxis pathway at a spatially fixed location is induced by light pulses and therefore localization of the two molecules can be manipulated.

The core idea of E. lemming is based on the spatial localization of one of the species of the chemotactic network, so called Che proteins. Through localizing, the effective concentration of the Che protein is decreased at its site of action, affecting its activity on its downstream partners. Anchoring is achieved with the help of light-sensitive proteins (LSPs) that dimerize upon a light signal. The Che protein is fused to one of the LSPs, while the other LSP is fused to a so called anchor protein. Dimerization of the LSPs results in spatial re-localization of the Che protein, which, as a final measurable output, induces an altered ratio between tumbling and directed flagellar movement.

Inside the cell, the chemotaxis proteins (Che proteins) CheA, CheY and CheZ tend to co-localize with methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) at the membrane. Whereas CheA and CheZ almost exclusivly localize at the MCPs, CheY is also present in significant concentrations in the cytoplasm. Due to that, we argue, that the diffusion of a CheY-LSP fusion protein to its anchor is less affected by the affinity to its natural interaction partner, making its re-localization more straightforward [1].

For spatial localization of the Che-protein, three different anchor-proteins have been considered:

1. The tetracyclin repressor tetR anchoring the Che protein to the DNA by binding to its operator site tetO that has been inserted into a high copy plasmid [2].
2. The ribosome binding domain of trigger factor TrigA anchoring the Che protein to the ribosome by binding to the large ribosomal subunit [3].
3. The prokaryotic actin homologue MreB which assembles into helical filaments underneath the cytoplasmic membrane [4].

References

[1] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02044.x/pdf Sourjik and Berg: Localization of components of the chemotaxis machinery of Escheria coli using fluorescent protein fusions. Molecular Biology. 2000; 37:4.]

[2] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2007.00001.x/pdf Bertram and Hillen: The application of Tet repressor in prokaryotic gene regulation and expression. Microbial Biotechnology. 2008; 1:1.]

[3] [http://www.jbc.org/content/272/35/21865.full.pdf+html Hesterkamp, Deuerling and Bukau: The Amino-terminal 118 amino acids of Escherichia coli Trigger factor constitute a domain that is necessary and sufficient for binding to ribosomes. The Journal of Biologcial Chemistry. 1997; 272:35.]

[4] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04367.x/pdf Kruse, Bork-Jensen and Gerdes: The morphogenetic MreBCD proteins of Escherichia coli form an essential membrane-bound complex. Molecular Microbiology. 2005;55:1.]